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CZSALPINO. 443 CESFEDES. he stated the theory rcs])ccting the circulation of the blood which Harvey, by his subsequent experimental researches, detinitely established. He is best known, however, for his Dc Plant is (1583), in which he presented the first botan- ical system philosophically constructed accord- ing to a natural order of classification. The in- debtedness of j-imiivus to him is considerable. Among his other works are a Dwmonum In- icstigatio Peripatetica (1580). CESANA, cha-zii'na. Giuseppe Augusto (ISJl — I. An Italian journalist. He was bom in -Milan, October S, IS'Jl, studied law, but soon abandoned that profession, and in 1854 estab- lished in Turin L'Espcro, the first of many im- portant journals which owed their existence wholly or in part to his enterprise. II Pasquino was founded soon after, in conjunction with •Piacentini; the Corrierc itatiano (18li5) was an individual venture; II Fanfulla (1870), the joint creation of Cesana, Piacentini, and De Rensis. Eighteen years later he left II Fanfulla to accept the editorship of L'ltalie, an influen- tial paper published in Kome in the French lan- guage, which he directed with much success until his retirement in 1S!I3. Cesana is also the au- thor of several novels, the first of which, Tom- maso Canella, is remembered chiefiy because its title afterwards became the author's pseudonym. His^son, Luigi Cesana, is also a prominent jour- nalist, and since 1878 proprietor and editor of the ilessa'gero. CESARI, cha'za-re, AxTONio (1760-1828). An Italian philologist, born in Verona. He is known by his attempt to restore to the Italian language of the day the purity and virility of the Renaissance. His monumental Yocabolario delta Criiscn was published in 1806-09, and his other works include Alcune novelle (1810); lielle::e delta Commedia di Dante (1824-26). CESABI, Giuseppe, Cavaliere d'Arpino (c. 1.565- 1640). An Italian painter, bom in Rome. He was a pupil of Koncalli, and is a noteworthy example of the fact that, despite the traditions of the Renaissance, bad art could flourish and be popular in Italy in the Seven- leenth Century. Cesari was encouraged in Rome, and so munificentlj- rewarded for his works that he rested content with a facility of handling that which readily gave pleasure, and became indiffer- ent to .1 thorough study and practice of his art. Both drawing and perspective were so at fault in his work that he was considered to have had a most pernicious influence on public taste. He was greatly opposed to the Carracci School, and rather identified himself with the 'Idealists,' but after his own line and methods. His frescoes in the Capitol are well colored, and are deemed his best work. His finest pictures are "Diana and ActiFon" and "Bathing Xvmphs." He died July 3, 1640. CESAROTTI, cha'zil-rAt'tf, :Melciiiore (1730- 1808). An Italian poet. He was born and edu- cated in Padua, where his brilliant promise as a student won him, at an early age, an appoint- ment to teach rhetoric in the university, and in 1768 he was elected to the chair of Greek and Hebrew. Although an old man when the French invaded Italy, he warmly espoused their cause, and received a pension from Napoleon, in whose honor he wrote an adulatory pnem. "Pronea," and who later made him Knight and then Com- VOL. IV.— 29. niander of the Iron Crown. Cesarotti was a pro- lific writer, and his collected works fill forty ample volumes (Pisa, 1800-13). Uesides a much overpraised rendering of the Iliad, his many translations include -Kschylus's Prometheus; se- lections from Demosthenes and Juvenal ; several of Voltaire's tragedies; and Gray's Elegy. Most important of all was his Ossian, which owed its great vogue in Italy to the novelty of its mingled chivalry and sentimentalism, and visibh' influ- enced the style of Alficri, ihmti, and other writers of the younger generation. Consult: Bar- bieri, Memorie intorno all' abbate Cesarotti (Padua. 1810) ; and more recently, Alemamii, L'n /ilos:)io detle lettere (Turin, 1894). CESENA, cha-za'na. A city in central Haly, 52 miles southeast of Bologna (ilap: Italy, G 3). It is pleasantly situated on the Savio, and has a lyceum, a gii'mnasium, a technical school, and a seminary. The cathedral contains two fine mar- ble Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century altars, and the handsome city hall has a colossal statue of Pius VI., who, like his successor, Pius VII.. was born here. In the library (founded in 1452 by Domcnico Mala testa Xovello) are 4000 MSS., many of which were used by Aldus ilanutius in preparing his famous editions of the classics. On a hill near the town is the Church of Santa Maria del Monte, attributed to Bramante, with I ifteenth Century carved stalls. Cesena markets hemp, wine, vegetables, and silk and refined sul- phur. It was already famous for its wines in Roman times. In the iliddle Ages it became subject to the Ghibelline family of Montcfeltro, then to the Guclf family of IMalatesta (see Dante, Inferno, xxvii. 53), and aftenvards it was seized by Cesare Borgia and incorporated with the Papal territory. Population, in 1881 (com- mune), 38,000;" in 1901, 42.240. CESNOLA, ehes'no-la. Luigi P.^lsia di. Count (lS32-in04). An Italo- American archaeologist. He was born near Turin, Italy, was educated at the Royal Military Academy there, and sen-ed in the Sardinian .rmy during the war against Austria in 1849, and. as stafT officer, in the Crimean War. He came to New York in 1860, where he engaged in teaching languages. He volunteered for ser- vice at the outbreak of the Civil War. and, as colonel of the Fourth New York Cavalry, took part in many engagements until June. 1863, when he was wounded and taken prisoner. At the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier- general, was naturalized, and was appointed consul at Cyprus. He then spent some time in making a valuable archajological collection, which in 1873 became the property of the !Metropoli- tan Museum of Art. in New York City. Five years later he was appointed director of that in- stitution. The following year his collections were the subject of a long and bitter controversy, their genuineness being questioned by art critics^ but in the end General Cesnola's work was gen- erally accepted as trustworthy. He has published Cyprus, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples (1878); The Metropolitan' Museum of Art (1882); and numerous pamphlets on art sub- jects. C:fiSPEDES, thas'pft-nfts, P.^ni.o de (1538- 160S). A Spanish painter, architect, sculptor, and man of letters. He was bom in Cordova, of a noble Castilian family; was educated at the University of .lcala de Henares, and studied