Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/522

CESPEDES. 444 CESTODA. under Fcderigo Zupcaro in Rome. He was a bold and correct draughtsman, a skillful anat- omist, and a master of color and composition. His best picture is "The Last Supper," in the cathedral of Cordova, of which he became canon in 1577. He wrote several works on art, includ- ing a poem on the art of painting, and a learned work entitled Compuntcion dc la antigua y mo- dcriui pintura y csciitliira (1004). CESPEDES Y BORGES, thas'pi-Dfts e bor'- Hfts, C'AHLos JIaxlel 1)E (1819-74). A Cuban patriot. He was born at Uayaino, in the Prov- ince of Santiago de Cuba, and studied at the luii- versitics of Havana, Barcelona, and Madrid. In Spain he became involved with Prim in a con- spiracy to overthrow the tJovernment, and was comi)ellcd to flee. After traveling for some time on the Continent, he returned to Cuba and began the practice of law, iiublisliing at the same lime a play and minor i)oclical pieces. As early as 1852 he suffered imprisonment for his revolution- ary sentiments, and he was the leader of the revolt which broke out in 1808. On October 10, 1808, he proclaimed the independence of Cuba at Yara, and, with an army of some thousanils, took possession of Bayamo. In January, 180!), he was forced to retreat to Guaimaro. where the republic was formally organized, April 10, 180!), and he was elected President. .Vfti'r 1S70 his popularity waned rapidly, and in 1873 he was de])(ised by the Cuban Congress. He perished the ne.t year ; whether slain by his own servant or Spanish soldiers is uncertain. CESS. See La.nd Tax. CES'SIO BONO'RUM ( Lat., surrender of goods). In the Roman law and under the mod- ern systems derived from it, a process of volun- tary bankruptcy whereby the debtor is per- mitted to escape the more painful perscmal and public consequences of insolvency by nuiking a full and free surrender of all his goods, or of all his property, real and jjersonal. In the Ro- man law the consequences thus averted were comprehended under the term infamy (iiifaiiiia) , by which was meant the loss of certain civil rights — as the capacity to hold oflice, to act as guardian or trustee, and the like. In the Scotch law, a ccssio hoiwriim openites to relieve the debt- or from the liability to arrest and imprisonment for debt. This indulgence is granted upon peti- tion by the debtor setting forth the fact of his insolvency and his willingness to surrender his property to his creditors. If it appear, on hear- ing, that the indebtedness is legitimate and the application free from fraud, a decree of ccssio bononim is made, and this operates as an as- signment of the debtor's estate to a trustee for the benefit of the creditors at large. As a gen- eral thing, a ccssio honorum does not, however, operate, like a decree in bankrujjtcy, to absolve the debtor from his liabilities, but is analogous in it-s results to the proceedings in insolvency common to most of the United States. See BAXKitri'TfY ; Insolvency. CESSION (Lat. cessio, surrender, from cederc, to .iel(l). In international law, the formal transfer of territory by one State to another. It may be the resilt of a gift, or of a sale, or of the fortunes of war. Most cessions have been forced from the ceding Stales as conditions of peace. The effect of a cession of territory upon the civil and political rights of the inhabitants of the ceded territory is generally determined by the treaty under which the transfer is nuule. In the absence of special stipulations on the subject, the inhabitants of the ceded territory change their allegiance from one sovereignty to another as soon as the transfer is complete: but the old laws continue in force until abrogated or changed by the new sovereign. The relations of the peojile to each other and their titles to ])roperty are not affecU'd by the cession. A State which is forced to cede a part of its ter- ritory is not bound to indemnify its citizens who may suffer a loss of property by the cession. See Conquest. Consult: Lawrence, I'riiuipUs of International Law (3d ed., Boston, 1!)00) ; Kent, Coiinticntaries on American Law (12th ed., Boston, 1873). CESSPOOIi (more correctly scss; dialectic Engl, suss, suss, puddle, from Gael, sos, coarse mixture). A well or pit, often inclosed by masonry or wood, for the lecejjtion of sewage and drainage from dwellings. Cesspools should be made water-tight and emptied at stated in- tervals. Sometimes, however, they are connected with a blind drain through which the liquid will soak into the soil. A sink-hole or leacliing cesspool has its bottom or sides so constructed that the contents soak readily into the soil. CESTI, clias't. :Marc' Antonio (1020-00). An Itiliaii dramatic composer, born in Arezzo.. He studied under Carissinii. and became maestro di cappvlla to Ferdinand II. ;ind assistant kappel- meister to the Emperor Leopold I. His operas were uniformly successful, but only La Dori (1063) and II porno d'oro (1600) have come down to us. A number of his c;uitatas have been preserved, but they are important chiefly for hav- ing been the first cantatas performed on the stage. He died in Venice. CESTIAN BRIDGE. An ancient bridge at Rome joining the island of .Esculapius with the Traslexerc. or .Taniciilan bank of the Tiber. It was built by Lucius Cestius, a prefect of the city, in B.C. 40, and restored by the Emperor Gratia- nus in 370 with material taken from the Thea- tre of Alarcellus. Two modern arches were added when the bed of the river was widened in 188!): only the middle arch is ancient. It is now called the Ponte di San Bartolomeo, from the neighbor- ing churcli of that name. CES'TITJS, Pyraxiii) of. A Roman tomb of the Auguntan Age, near the Porta San Paolo, Rome. It is a unique imitation of Egyptian models. The exterinr furm is perfectly |)resei vcd, the pyramid rising 110 feet from a base DO feet square. It is built of concrete, faced with slabs of white marble, and rests on a base of traver- tine. In the centre is a small sepulchral cliam- ber whose surface of stucco was decorated with paintings of female figures and ornamental scrolls, quite perfect when the tomb was discov- ered and opened in 1003. The name and eirciim- stanees of (!aius Cestius, who was bnrird here, are given in inscriptions, but he is otherwise un- known. CESTCDA (NeoLat, variant of Ccstoidea, from Gk. Kiardt, kcslos, girdle -f- tlSos, eidos, form). A subclass of Platodes (llatworms) con- sisting of tapeworms and similar endoparasites, without cilia, without intestine, but with nu- merous testes, ovaries, and one or two yolk- glands. Ccstodes are very widely distributed, I