Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/523

CESTODA. 445 CESTUS. but especially alniiulant in wanii climates. They occur as intestinal parasites in s]x?cies of all the classes of vertebrates, especially mammals, but the complete life history is known for compara- tively few species. The group contains two or- ders, the .1/o»iO;:'oa, unsegmcntpcl individuals (rare), and the Poltizoa, segmented tapeworms. For structure, habits, and etTects upon the sys- tem of the lio^t, see TAPEWORM. CESTRACIONT, ses-tra'shl-Ont (Neo-Lat., from Keo-Lat. cestracion, from Gk. Kfarpa, kes- tra, weapon, from Ken-eii>, kentein, to prick). PAVEMEXT-TKETH OP A CKSTBACIOXT. A shark of the family Cestraciontid®, whose three or four living species, are chiefly interest- ing because they 'represent the oldest fossil sharks loiown, whose remains begin to be found in the Devonian, and in the Carboniferous be- come numerous and of larger size than the exist- ing cestraciont. Thence the race declined some- what, but may be traced to the present. They are known as pavement-toothed sharks, because the many teeth in the back of the mouth have a pavement-like arrangement. The surviving spe- cies are confined to the warmer parts of the Pacific Ocean, and are known as Port Jackson sharks. None exceed 5 feet in length, and they are distinguished by having two dorsal fins, in front of each of which is a strong, sharp spine, now smooth, but in fossil forms variously sculp- tured. The best-known species is the nurse- shark (Cestracion philippi) . Little is known of their habits, but they are believed to subsist mainly on moUusks, whose shells are crushed be- tween the 'pavements' of teeth. See Colored Plate of Fishes of the Philippines. CESTROTTJM (Lat., from Gk. n^arpov, kes- iron, gr.iving-tool, from K^vreiv, kentein, to prick). A species of encaustic painting (q.v.) on horn or ivory, the lines of the design being burned in with the cestrutn or burning needle, and wax introduced in the furrows thus made. CES'TRUM (I.at.. from Ok. k{<tt(iov, kestron, graving-tool, from KCir-etv, kentein, to prick). The implement or spatula employed by the an- cients in the two kinds of encaustic painting: viz.. wax and ivory encaustic. The cestrum was made of ivorv-. one end pointed, the other end flat. See Exc.i;sTic P.mxtixg. CESTUI QUE TRUST, sr-s'twf- :e or set'w* (OF., he whom the trust). 'Die technical legal term for the one for whose benefit a trust exists ; the person who has the beneficial interest, as distinguished from the legal estate in lands or goods : the beneficiary of a trust. Compare Ce.stui Que I'se. and "see Trust. CESTUI QUE USE (OF., he whom the use). In Knglish law, the person to whose use — i.e. for whose benefit — another holds the fee of lands or tenements. The term is nearly identical in meaning with the modern term cenlui que trust (q.v.), and will be more fully explained in connection with uses and trusts. CESTUI QUE VIE, ve (OF., he for whose life). In the English and American law of real property, a ])erson whose life is the measure of the duration of an estate. A life estate, which was the characteristic estate of the early feudal law and is still of common occurrence, may be granted to one for his own life, or for the life of another, or even for the lives of several others. Thus, if a man by his last will devises lands to his daughter to have and to hold during the life of the mother, the latter, though having no interest in the estate, is known as the cestui que vie. So, also, if a life tenant of an estate for his own life conveys the same to another, he thereby steps into the position of a cestui que vie. His life continues to be the measure of the estate, not- withstanding it is now held and enjoyed by an- other. When the cestui que vie dies the estate comes to an end. See I-ife Estate. CES'TUS (Lat., from Gk. /ccirris, kestos, girdle, from Kevruv, kentein, to prick, to stitch). In Homer eestus is an epithet of a magic band (it does not seem to be a girdle) which Hera borrows from Aphrodite when anxious to lure Zeus to her side. The later writers sometimes use the word to denote a girdle. Cestus (or, more correctly, cuestus, from the Lat. cwdere. CESTI'S AS A PRO- CESTUS AS A WEAPON. TECTIOX. to slay) is also the name of the covering for the hands worn by Roman pugilists. Among the Greeks until about B.C. 400. pugilists wound long bands of soft leather about the fingers and hand to protect them from injury. By degrees this protection Ix-came a means of ofrensc. as the leather thongs were made thicker and harder, and finally became a formidable weapon, as is shown, e.g. on the fine brnnze statue of a seated pugilist now in the Museo delle Therme in Rome. In still later limes the heavy leather thongs were further strengthened by metal bands.