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CKATVTBEBLAIlf. 467 CHAMBERLAIN. the Union Army and senod until the close of the Civil ar, chietly as a stall' ollkcr. At the close of the war he settled in South Carolina, where he became a cotton-planter, and was a member of the State Constitutional Convention (IStil-tiS), Attorney-General ( lSOS-72) , and Cioveruor (1874- 7G). He was inaugurated a second time, but his election was contested by Wade Hampton, and he relinquished his otBce (1877) and removed to New iurk to practice his profession. CHAMBERLAIN, Jacob (1835 — >. An American missionary of the Reformed Dutch Church, born at Sharon, Conn. He graduated at the Western Reserve College, 1850, and Xew Brunswick Theological Seminary, 1859, and re- ceived the degree of JI.D. (College of Physicians and Surgeons, Xew York City), 1859. In De- cember of 1859 he went as missionary to the Arcot mission, southern India, and has ever since labored in its service. He is recognized as one of the master missionaries, and is an orator of kindling enthusiasm. His medical and surgical skill is of a high order, but he makes the ser- vice to the soul his chief concern. His lin- guistic attainments are remarkable and he has played a prominent part in translating the Scriptures into Telugu. In English, he has pub- lished A Home, or Vliristian Giving (1879); Break Cocuaiiitts Over the Wheels: or. All Pull for Christ (1885) ; Xative Churches and Foreign Missionary Societies (1879); Winding Up; In the Tiger' Jungle (1896) ; The Cobra's Den and Other Stories of Missionary Work Among the Teluyiis of India (1900). CHAMBERLAIN, .Joseph (1836—). A British Liberal Unionist and Imperialist states- man. He was born in London, July. 1836, and was educated at the University College School. He entered the screw-manufacturing firm of Net- tlefold & Chamberlain, Birmingham, and re- tired in 1874, shortly after the death of his father, one of the partners. He early distin- guished himself in local debating societies by his radical opinions and fluency of speech. In 1868 he was named president of the first executive committee of the National Educational League, held in Birmingham (q.v. ), and the same year was elected town councilor. He became very popular in the northern industrial centres; was three times elected mayor of Birmingham, 1873- 76, and chairman of the school board, 1874-76. His mayoralty was marked by numerous city improvements and embellishments, accomplished against much opposition. After an unsuccessful contest in Sheffield, 1874, he entered Parliament, in 1876, on a Birmingham by-election, and soon achieved distinction. He was returned at the general election in 1880, and appointed president of the Board of Trade by Gladstone, with member- ship in the Cabinet. He was instrumental in reforming the bankruptcy laws and unsuccess- fully attempted to amend the navigation laws. His influence increased throughout the nation by his advocacy of popular reforms, including a plan for the 'restitution' of land, the 'ransom' of property, and the consequent regeneration of the masses. He was recognized as the leader of the Radical Party, and at the general election in 1886 was elected to Parliament by West Bir- mingham. He became president of the Local Government Board, but resigned in March, be- cause of his antagonism to <;ia(i>tone's Home Rule Bill, and with Lord Hartington he organ- ized the Liberal Union Party, which supported the Conservatives. He was fiercely assailed by Home Rulers as a renegade. In 1887 his visit and speeches in Ulster strengthened the Union cause there. The following year he went as chief commissioner to Washington, and ed'ected an agree- ment concerning the Canadian fisheries dispute. He was niarrieil on November 15, 1SS8, to I^Iiss Endicott. daughter of President Cleveland's War Secretary. When Lord Hartington became Duke of Devonshire (December, 1891). Chamberlain succeeded him as leader of the Liberal Union Party in the Commons. In 1895 he was appoint- ed Colonial Secretary in the Marquis of Salis- bury's 'coalition' Ministry, and showed untiring energy in developing the commercial interests of the colonies. In 1896 his firmness settled the Ashanti trouble without bloodshed, and his deci- sion and effective diplomacy safely steered his office through the Transvaal imbroglio over the Jameson raid, and the intrigues in which Cecil Rhodes's South Africa Company had almost involved the home Government. He was in- criminated as an accessory, but as a self-ap- pointed witness explicitly denied the charge, and, notwithstanding subsequent foreign journalistic atlirmations and investigations, no conclusive evi- dence was produced to show the complicity of any one connected with his office. In 1897 his able cooperation secured the passage of the Workmen's Compensation Act. In 1898 he strongly advocated an Anglo-American alliance. With a predilection for the 'new' or American diplomacy, which startled European circles in that year, his straightfonvard utterances on for- eign affairs brought xipon him the vituperation of Russia over his 'long spoon' speech on the Port Arthur and Talien-wan occupation. This was followed by the indignation of the French (1890) over the threat lie made regarding their ill manners, as shown in the caricatures of the Queen; and by the anger of the Germans, whose treatment of their prisoners in the Franco-Ger- man War he had compared with that of the Brit- ish in the conflict with the Boers. He persist- ently urged the claims of the Uitlanders on the Transvaal Government, and conducted the nego- tiations which ended in the invasion of Natal by the Boers of the Transvaal and their allies, the Free Staters. He was reelected to Parliament against opposition in 1900. and defended his South African policy on the grounds of expedi- ency and justice, predicting its ultimate triumph. In the Commons, the minority, disclaiming malice, attempted his aspersion by an insinu- ation of personal interest in governmental war contracts, which his self-possessed defense, cool and conical in its aggressiveness, easily disposed of. He received a strong majority support, and, reappointed Colonial Secretary, systematized a plan of reconstruction for the Boer country which received ministerial approval and popular indorsement. His concessions to Canada's com- mercial autonomy and his measures for the con- stitution of the Australian Commonwealth have been special features of his colonial administra- tion. On the retirement of Lord Salisbury, and the succession of Balfour, he was continued in the same odice. He has received academic hon- ors, D.C.L.. Oxford: LL.D., Cambridge: and in 1806 was elected Lord Rector of Glasgow Uni- versity. .Mr. Chamberlain has occasionally con- tributed to periodical literature. Con.sult: Cham-