berlain, "Municipal Institutions in America and England. Comparison of Birmingham and Boston." in Vol. 1., xiv., Forum (New York, 1892); Morris. The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain (New York, 1901); and Jeyes, Joseph Chamberlain (London, 1896).
CHAMBERLAIN, .Joshua Lawrence (1828— ). An American soldier and educator. He was born in Brewer, Me., graduated at Bowdoin College in 1S52, and at the Bangor Theological Seminary in 1855, and was professor of modern languages at Bowdoin when the Civil War broke out. He then enlisted in the Inion Army and served with distinction throughout the war. was six times wounded, and left the service (1865) with the brevet rank of major-general. From 1866 to 1870 he was Governor of Maine, and in 1871 was chosen president of Bowdoin College. When the Democrats and Fusionists, under the lead of Governor Garcelon, undertook in 1879-80 to get possession of the State government, and there was some danger of civil war, General Chamberlain commanded the militia of the State. He adhered to the regularly elected Legislature, as sustained by the unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court, and prevented the intended vio- lence and usurpation. He resigned the presi- dency of Bowdoin in 1883, and removed to New York to practice law. He has written Maine: Her Place in Uintori/ (1877) ; American Ideals, <ind Lthics and Politics of the Spanish Question, and is the editor of an extensive work entitled T'nivcrsiiirs and Their Sons (1898).
CHAMBERLAIN, Mellen (1821-1900). An American liluarian and historical writer. He was born in Pembroke. X. H.. graduated at Dart- mouth in 1844 and at the Harvard Law School in 1848. and in 1849 began the practice of the law in Chelsea, Mass. He subseipieiitly served for some years in the Massachusetts Legislature; was chairman of the Judiciary Committee in the Senate; became a justice of the Boston Municipal Court in 1800; and from 1870 to 1878 was Chief Justice. From 1878 to 1890 he was librarian- in-chief of the Boston Public Library. He de- voted much of his time to the study of American history, and wrote a number of monographs and essays of considerable value, some of which were collected into a volume entitled, John Adams, the Statesman of the Revolution, and Other Essays (1898). Among his other publica- tions are: The History of ^yinnisimmet, Rumnc!/ Marsh, and PuUin Point (1880); The Journals of Captain Henry Dearyorn. 1775-83 (1880-87) ; and several chapters, notably the one entitled "The Revcdution Impending." in Winsor's .'or- ratiie and Critical History of America (Boston, 1884-89).
CHAMBERLAIN, Montague (1844—). A Canadian ornithologist, born at Saint .John, New Brunswick. In 1890 he became recorder of Harvard University, and in 1893 secretary of the Lawrence Scientific School. He was one of the founders of the .merican Ornithological Union. Besides a revision of Auttall's Handbook of the Birds of Eastern Sorfh America (1872), he has published the following important works and lectures: Vatalofjxic of liirds of ?cic Brunswick; Catalofiue of Mammals of .Veic Brunswick ; Sys- tematic Tabic of Birds of Canada: Birds of Field and Grove: Sonp Birds of New England; Birds' Nests; Mental and Moral Characteristics of the Indians; Past, Present, and Future of the Indians.
CHAMBERLAIN, Sir Neville Bowles (1820-1902). An English soldier, born in Brazil. He entered the Indian Army in 1837, and served througliout the .fghan war of 1839-42, during which he was six times wounded. In 1842 he was attache<l to the Governor-tieneral's body- guard, with which lie, in 1843, participated in the battle of Maharajpnr. He was ])ninioted to be lieutenant-colonel, commanded the Punjab frontier force from 1854 to 1857, in the latter year became adjutant-general of the Indian Army, and during the Mutiny (1857-58) distin- guished himself, being present at the taking of Delhi. He was commissioned lieutenant-general in 1872, full general in 1877, and field-marshal in 1900. In 1870-81 he was commander-in-chief of the .Madras Army, in 1878 was a member of a special mission to the Ameer of Afghanistan. and for some time was military member of the Conn- eil of the Viceroy of India. It was said of him before his retirement from active service that he had been more often wounded than any other officer of the British Army.
CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder ( 1843—) . An American geologist, born at Mattoon. 111. He graduated in 1806 at Beloit College, studied science at Michigan University, and fnmi 1809 to 1873 was Professor of natural science at the State Normal School, Whitewater, Wis. From 1873 to 1884 he was professor of geology at Be- loit College, and from 1887 to 1892 was president of. the University of Wisconsin. In 1892 he took charge of the geological department of the Uni- versity of Chicago, and later became editor of the Journal of Geology. In 1873-70 he was assist- ant State geologist for Wisconsin, in 1870-81 was chief geologist, and in 1882 was a United States geologist in charge of the glacial division. While engaged in this active geological work he col- lected and publislied a large amount of new ma- terial relative to the character of the glacial de- posits in the Northern Slates, upon which he based some interesting theories. He has also made a study of modern glaciers, with valuable scientific result.s. He was geologist of the Peary Arctic relief expedition in 1894. His publica- tions include Outline of a Course of Oral Instruc- tion (1872). ecology of ^Yiscon.1in (1877-83), and many geological papers.
CHAMBER MUSIC. term used to designate music that is specially adapted for performance in a room. The name originally comprised both vocal and instrumental music, not intended for the church: but it is now almost restricted to the various combinations of the pianoforte with strings or strings alone, as duos, trios, quartets, quintets, etc. Chamber music is the most delicate, refined, and perfect branch of the art, the sv/a'. of the small auditorium al- lowing of the most exquisite shadings and nu- ances. The greatest masters of music have left some of (he world's richest musical legacies in their chamber music.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. A body of merchants and traders, associated for the purpose of promoting the interests of its own members, of the town or district to which the society belongs, and of the community generally, in so far as these have reference to trade and merchandise. Of the means by which these objects are
