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CHAMBERS. 470 CHAMBERSBUKG. His Traditions of Edinburgh (1823) procured him the friendship of Sir Walter Scott, who con- tributed various iriemcirandu for the work. It was followed by a larjje number of books, among which are Popular I'ln/mes of Scotland (1826), Picture of Scotland (1S26), and Tfiston/ of the Jfebellions in Scotland ( 1828-29) . He also edited Scollish Rallads and Sonffs (1829), the Jiio- graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen (4 vols., 18.32-.34), and many other collections. The success of Chambers's I'dinburr/h Journal, found- ed in 1832 by his brother. William Chambers, was materially promoted by his many essays, moral and humorous. His great work, however, is the Vcstifies of the Ti'alural History of Creation, pub- lished anonymously in 1844. It is a brilliant ex- position of development in the natural world, and it prepared the public for the theories of Darwin. .mcing his later works are Ancient Sea Margins ( 1848), Life and Works of Robert Jiurns ( 1851 ), Domestic Animals of Scotland (18.59-01), and The Book of Days, a miscellany (18(!."!). Ever since 1832, he had been a member of the firm of William and Robert Cliambors. printers and pub- lishers. In 1863 he received from Saint An- drews the degree of I.L.D. He died Slarch 17, 1871. A collection of his miscellaneous papers appeared in seven volumes (1847). CHAMBERS. Rohekt William (1865—). An Aiiuriean ])aiuter and author, bom in Brook- lyn, X. Y. He pursued art studies abroad, first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1889, and subse- quently worked as an illustrator for New York weeklies. Since 1893 he has devoted himself chiefly to literature. His writings include a drama, The Witch of EUangoiran, numerous short stories contributed to magazines, and sev- eral volumes of fiction, among them The King in Yellow (1893): Lorraine (1896): The Cam- Iric Mask (1899); The Conspirators (1900); and Cardigan (1901). CHAMBERS, Talbot Wilson (1819-96). An .Vmcrican clergyman. He was born at Carlisle, Pa., graduated in 1834 at Rutgers College, studied in 1836-37 at Princeton Theological Sem- inary, and in 1838 was licensed to ])reach. From 1839" to 1849 he was pastor of the Second Re- formed Dutch Church, Somerville, X. .1., and from 1849 to 1871 one of the pastors of the Col- legiate Dutch Church of New York City. He was a member of the Old Testament Company of the -American Bible Revision Committee. He published The Noon Prayer-meeting in Fultmi Street (1857); Memoir of Theodore Freling- hugsen (1863): expositions of Amos and Zech- ariah (in the Schafl'-Lange Commentary. 1874) ; The Psalter: A Witness to the Dirine Origin of the Bible (1876); and a Companion to tile Re- vised Version of the Old Testament (1885). CHAMBERS. William (1800-83). A Scotch publisher and author, elder brother of Robert Chambers. He was born at Peebles, April 16, 1800, and as a boy and youth passed through ex- periences similar to his brother's. He be"an bus- iness as a bcKikseller in Edinburgh (1819) and afterward added j>rinting. Between 1825 and 1830 he wrote the Hank of Scotland, and, jointly with his brother, the (la^cttccr of Srotlantl. On Februarj' 4. 1832. he issued the first munber of Chambers's Eilinhiirgh Journal, the fir'it of a class of popular periodicals of a wholesome kind, now BO generally difl'used. From the first the ven- ture was a success, and soon the circulation of the weeklv journal reached 80.000. The two brothers now (1832) established the firm of W. it R. Cliambcrs, in which they were united in writing, editing, and printing a long series of works designed for poi)ular instruction. Among them are Information for the People (2 vols.) ; the Educational Course (2!50 vols.) ; Cyclopce- dia of English Literature (2 vols.) ; Miscellany of Useful and Entertaining Tracts (20 vols.) ; Papers for the People (12 vols.) ; and the well- known Cyclopadia (10 vols.. 1859-68). In con- ducting these laborious undertakings, the firm necessarily depended upon many assistants. Among ^Villiam Chambers's independent works are. Things as They Are in America (the result of a visit to the United States in 1853) ; The Youth's Companion and Counsellor; History of Peebleshire; Ailie Gilroy; Stories of Remarkable Persons; Stories of Old Families; and His- torical Sketch of Saint Giles's Cathedral. In 1849 he acquired the estate of Glenormiston in Peebleshire, and a few years afterwards founded and endowed an institution in his native town for social improvement. Twice elected Lord Provost of Edinburgh, he occupied that office for four years (1865-69), during which he pro- moted several important public acts, including one for the improvement of the older part of the city. In recognition of his great services, the University of Edinburch conferred upon him the degree of'LL.D. (1872). He died May 20. 1883. and RoRERT Ciiamhehs (1832-1888), eldest son of the Robert Chambers named above, became ed- itor of the Journal and head of the firm. On his death, in 18S8. he was in turn succeeded by his son, CnARLE.s Edward Stuart Chambers ( 1800- — ), who is also a well-known editor. Consult Chambers, Memoir of W. and R. Chambers (Edinburgh, 1872; 13th ed., with additions, 1884). CHAMBERS, Sir William (1720-96). An English architect. He was born in Stockholm, but was brouglit to England in his infancy. In his youth, as a su[)crcai'go in the service of (he Swedish East India Company, he made a voyage to China, and there produced sketches, which were published under the title Designs for Chi- nese Buildings. At the age of 18 he left the sea, and studied architecture in Italy and Paris. He returned to England in 1755, and became the foremost living English architect, continuing the propaganda for the Palladian style begun by lii- igo Jones. His masterpiece is the remodeling of Somerset House in 1776. He also designed build- ings for Kew Gardens, the jiagod-a among them. He wrote several books, including a Dissertation on Oriental Gardening, in which he praised ex- travagantly the Chinese artificial system of lay- ing out grounds. The book called forth several keen satires, of which the most widely circulated was .4)1 Heroic Epistle to Sir ^'illiam Chambers, probably written hy William Mason. It is said that Horace Waljiolc had a hand in it also. Chambers's high reputation as a writer rests up- on his standard work for classic architecture, A Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Archi- tecture. He was created Knight of the Polar Star by the King of Sweden (1771), and George III. permitted him to use his title in England. CHAMBERSBTJRG. A borough and county- scat of Franklin County, Pa., 52 miles southwest