Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/568

CHANNEL ISLANDS. 488 CHANNING. They are the f^olo remains of that tluchy, at- tached to the Britisli orown, wlienee their inde- pendence and the liumorous local contention that Great Britain is an appanage of the Channel Islands, legal documents referring to the mon- arch as Uuke of Xorniandy and King of Great Britain and Ireland. The islands originally were joined to the Continent; raised lieachcs and other traces of disruption e.vist. Cave-dwellings and numerous mcgalilhie cromlechs, tumuli, and menhirs jjrove the habitation of a prehistoric race; a few old Norman chapels remain: the oldest churches. Saint Brelade's, Jersey, and Saint Sampson's, Guernsey, date from 1111, and earthworks, fortifications, and castles dating from Roman and subsequent periods exist. The l<imans occupied the islands during the Third and Kourlh centuries; Cicsarea (Jersey). Caesar's Isle, and Sarnia (Guernsey) occur in the itinerary of An- toninus. Christianity was introduced by Irish missionaries about A.n. 460, Saint Hclier being the apostle of Jersey and Saint Sampson of Guernsey. The island's were taken by RoUo pre- vious to his invasion of Normandy, the famous Homan de liou, by Wace (q.v.), a native of Jer- sey, who wrote in the Twelfth Century, celebrat- ing his deeds. After the Conquest the islands alternated be- tween Norman and English rule until 1204, when with the l<i-«s of Normandy they remained faith- ful to England and steadfastly resisted many subsequent attempts on the part of France to capture- them. In Henry VI.'s reign the French held part of .Jersey for si.x years. During the Civil War they were the scene of many notable events, Jersey "remaining loyal and Episcopal, and Guernsey republican and Presbyterian. During the Revolutionary War in .inerica a French expedition landed in Jersey in 1781, but was defeated with great loss. During the French and American wars, when shipbuilding w-as an im- portant local industry, the islanders fitted out many privateers, and.' in Burke's words, became "one' of the naval i)owcrs of the world," cap- turing many rich prizes. The islands are fa- vorite asylums for political refugees. Their numbers have included Charles II., Earl Claren- don, Vict:or Hugo, and General Boulangcr. Popu lation, in 1891, !)2,200; in 1901, 95,800. Consult: ■ Urquhart, Channel Islands. Xonnan Laiv (Lon- don, 1844) ; Pegot-Ogier, Mistoire dcs lies de la ilanche (Paris, 1881) : Ansted and Latham, The Channel Islands (London, I89G) : De Clery, Les ilrs nonnandrs (Paris, 1898) ; and see separate ar- ticles. .I.1)EK.VEY : .lERSEY; GUERNSEY; and S.RK. CHANTSriNG, Enw.VRD (18.56—). An Ameri- can historian. He was born in Dorchester, Mass., and in 1878 graduated at Harvard, where he became instructor in history in 1883, assistant profes.sor in 1887, and professor in 1897. His publications include: Town' and Count;/ Gov- irnment in the Knylish Colonies (1884); The Vnilid Klate.1 of Amcriea (1890). in the "Cam- bridge (Eng. ) Historical Series"; and two excel- lent text-books, .1 Student's History of the United States ( 1897) , ami A Short Historji of the United stales for Sehool U>te (1900). He has col- laborated with Justin Winsor in the jmblication of Vols. 11.. VI., and VII. of the y'arrative and Critical Ilislor;/ of America (188fi-89), with T. W. Higginson in tJnglish Uistorji for Americans (1893), and with A. B. Hart in the Guide to the Stud;/ of American History (1890). CHANNING, Edward Tykrei. (1790 1850). An .i.icii.MU >cliolar, the brother of William Ellery I'hanning. He was educated at Harvard, and ijcgan the practice of law in Boston, but devoted his attention chielly to literature. From 1817 to 1819 he edited the yorlh American Ile- vica and was a n'gular contributor to it through a large part of his life. He was professor of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard College from 1819 to 1851. A volume of his lectures was pub- lished in 185t) with a memoir by R, H. Dana. CHANNING, WiLUAM Ellery (17801842). An An]cric;ui L'nitarian preacher and aullior. He was born .pril 7, 1780, in Newport, R. I., entered Harvard at the age of fifteen, and took his degree in 1798. He tmight for two years in Richmond and then studied divinity. In 1803 he was ordained minister of Federal Street Church in Boston. During the earlier years of his ministry his theological peculiarities had little prominence in his discourses, and in con- sequence lie stood ujion friendly terms with his brethren in more orthodox churches. In 1819, however, iie preached a sermon at the ordination of the Rev. Jared Sparks, in which he pointed out the inadecpiacy of the Calvinistic theology then current, and advocated the l'nitarian doc- trine with so much zeal and ability that he was termed 'tlic ajiostle of Unitarianism.' This in- volved liim in a controversy, a thing which he naturally loathed. To the end of his life he preserved a devoutly Christian heart, shrink- ing with the delicate instinct of a retincd na- ture from everything cold, one-sided, and dog- matic, whether L'nitarian or Trinitarian. .s late as 1841, he wrote, "I am little of a Uni- tarian, have little sympathy with the system of Priestley and Belsli.im. and stand aloof from all but those who strive and pray fin- clearer light." In 1821 ho received the title of D.D. from Har- vard University, on account of the great talent he had exhibited "in his tractates on the Evidences of Christianity and of Revealed Religion, his ad- dress on War, and his Sermons. In 1822 he visited Europe, and made the acquaintance of several English authors, among them Wcuds- worth and Coleridge, both of whom were strongly •impressed in bis favor. Coleridge said of him: "He has the love of wisdom and the wisdom of love." In 1823 he published Remarks on Xa- tional Literature: in 1826, On the Character and Writings of John Milton; in 1829, On the Character and M'riHiiys of I'cnelon ; in 1835, an essay on Xcrpo Slarcrii, strongly opiiosing it from the moral point of view; and in 1838 .an ess.ay on Self-Culture. Besides these he wrote a variety of other essays and treatises, all char- acterized by vigor. eIoquen<e. pure taste, and a loftv tone "of moral earnestness. He died Octo- ber "2, 1842, at Bennington, Vt. His complete works have been several times reprinted (e.g. in one volume, Boston, 1875). More inqxirtant than his purely theological speculations was the public exercise of a wide influence on his cori- teniporaries in regard to social and philanthropic questions and the organization of charity, in the interest of peace, of temperance work, and of education, the ethics of political life, and the question of slavery. In the last-named mat- ter, while never taking the extreme abolition position, he gave mueli moral support to the movement ; and in concert with Emerson and other great intellectual leaders, was a great