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CHANNING. 489 CHANT DU DEPART. factor in the strenuous Xpw England life o£ the middle of the Nineteenth Century. An interest- injr memoir of him was published by his nephew, William Henry Channinj; (3 vols., London, 1848, and n priiiti'il in Boston, 1880). CHANNING. Wii.i.iAM Fxlery (1818-1901). An American journalist, poet, and essayist, a nephew of the great I'liitarian preacher of the same name. He was born in Boston, was edu- cated at Harvard, and was for many years con- nected with various newspaiwrs and magazines. He published volumes of poems, and in prose: l"oi///i of the Poet and Painter: Thoreau, the Poet-Saturalist (1873): and Conversations in Rome tietirrcn an Artist, a Catholic, and a Critic (1847). CHANNING, WIIXI.4.M Henry (1810-84). An American Unitarian clergyman and author. He was born in Boston, Mass.. May 25, 1810, and was a nephew of William EUerj- Channmg. He graduated at Harvard in 1829, at Cambridge Divinity School in 1833. and was ordained in charge 'of a Unitarian church in Cincinnati m 1835? After filling several pastorates in the Uni- ted States, he succeeded (1857) .James Martineau as minister of the Hope Street Unitarian Chapel, Liverpool. England. At the commencement of the Kebellion he returned ( lSl)2) and took charge of the Unitarian church in Washington, D. C. He was one of the early supporters of the social- istic movement in this country, was editor of The Present and The Harbinger, and in 1848 pre- sided over a socialistic association in Boston. He was a prolific writer, contributing to the Sorth American Reiieic, The Dial, The Christian Eiaminer, and other serials. Among his larger works are a translation of Jouffroy's Ethics (1840): Memoir of Ihis uncle] M'illiam EUery Channinij (3 vols.. 1848): Memoir of [his cousin] the tier. James H. Perkins (1851); Memoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli (in conjunc- tion with Emerson and J. F. Clarke) (1852). He died in London. December 23. 1884. For his life, consult O. 1',. Frothingham (Boston, 1886). CHANSON DE KOLAND, sha.N'soN' de ro'- lax' (Fr., song of Roland). The best-known and oldest of the extant French chansons de geste (q.v.) ; the type of the class in its best and purest form. Tt was written demonstrably not later than 1095. possibly as early as 10(>6. The sup- posed author's nanie is given in the text as Turol- dus, but he has not been otherwise identified. The poem, which consists of about 4000 lines, deals with the death of Roland at Roncesvalles, and its avenging by Charlemagne. The only ancient manuscript still presersed, dating probaWy from 1170, is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. It was first edited in modern times by Michel (Paris. 1837), but more recent scholars have addeil much to our knowledge. Consult espe- ciallv the editions by Miiller ( Oiittingen. 1878) : LPoii Cautier (Tours, 1872 et seq.) ; and Stengel (Heilhronn, 1878) ; and Seelmann, Bibliographic des altfranzosischen Rolandslicdes (Hcilbronn, 1888). CHANSONS DE GESTE or GESTES, zhftst ( Fr.. songs of achicvcmciil nr ailviiitiirc i . The name generally given by scholars to the large and important class of epic poems which sprang into existence in France in the latter part of the Tenth Century or the beginning of the Eleventh. The history of their origin is obscure, and there is no evidence for the existence of preceding ballads out of which they were compiled. The earlier ones are written in decasyllabic iambic lines, ar- ranged in groui)s (called in French luisses or tirades) of varying niunlwr, connected by as- sonance or vowel-rliyme, the consonants of the linal syllables not being the same. This asso- nance was soon replaced by rhyme, and the ten- syllable line about 1200 by the twelve-syllable or Alexandrine, which is said to take its name from the i)oein Alexandre le Grand, by Alexandre de Bernay and Lambert le Tors. Their subject is uniformly French history, treated in a romantic spirit, and generally centring around Charle- magne as the epic hero. As their name implies, they were comi)osed, not to be read, but to be sung or recited. About 110 of them are ]ue- served, averaging 6000 lines apiece. Excepting the oldest and bestkno™. the Chanson de Ro- land (q.v.), and the Thirteenth-Century Firm- bras, the following, all of the Twelfth Century, are the best in the judgment of the most com- petent critics: Ali-scans, Amis et Amiles, An- tioche, Berte aiix grans Pies, Garin le Loherain, Gerard de Roussillon, Huon de Bordeaux, Oyicr de Danemarche, Raoul de Cambrai, and the Voifnne de Charlemagne a Constantinople. Con- suit; L6on Gautier, Les epopees fr-(in(,-aises (2d ed., 4 vols.. Pans. 1878-94): id., in Petit de Julleville, Histoire de la langue et' litterature jran^aise (Paris, 1896-98) ; Riijna, Le oripini dell' epopea franeesea (Florence, 1884) ; Saints- burv. The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory (New York, 1897); G. Paris. His- toire poetique de Charlemagne (Paris, 1805) ; and see Fbexch Litebatcre; Trouv^re; Jon- GLEt'R. CHANT (Fr. chant, from Lat. cantus. from cancre, to sing). A fomi of choral music be- tween singing and recitative and especially used for litanies and psalms in the Roman Catholic and Protestant Episcopal service. The chant is the ancient style of church song, certainly as old as Christianity, which seems to have inherited it , from the Jewish Church. The ancient Persians chanted or intoned their religious hymns, the (iathas (q.v.) : Saint Paul exhorts believers to sing (to ciiant) psalms and hymns and spiritual songs; and Pliny the Younger meiiiions the early morning assembling of Christians to chant hynnns to Christ. As rhymed and metrical hvmns. now so common, were the product of a later art. so the tunes accompanying them are modem as com- pared with ch.-ints. See Ambrosiax Ciiakt; Grecoriax Chant; Plaix Chant. CHANT, Laura Ormtston (1848—). An English leclurer and reformer, born at Chep- stow. She was at various times a teacher, nurse, student of medicine, dress-reformer, and crusader against London concert-halls. Subsequently she became known as a speaker on various ?^ocial and literary themes, and at the time of the Gripco-Tnrkish War took bands of nurses to Crete and to the Greek frontier. She visited the United States in 1896, and in many public ad- dresses told what she was doing ami i)urposed to do for the betterment of society in general and women in particular. Her publications include 'rroii(i. anil Otiirr Poems (1887). CHANT DU DEPART, shiiN' du dJl'par', Le (Fr.. song of departure i . A song of the French Revolution with words by Marie .Joseph Blaise Cheiiier, music by Mehul." It was composed for