Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/571

CHANUTE. 491 CHAP-BOOKS. CHANUTE, chi-iioot'. A city in Neosho County, ivaii.. 1-li miles soutli-soutliwest of KiiUT.;i"s Cily, Mo., on llio Ali'liisim, Topeku ami S-aiita Fi' and the .Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Kansas, U 4). The repair- shops of the former railroad are located here, and there are also a nuniher of manufaeturinj; j)lants of importance, all o|)erated by natural gas which is found in ahundaiue. Oil has been recently discovered, and, within a radius of two miles, there are a large minihcr of producing wells. The eily is li<.'hled liy natural gas, and owns and operates its gas plant and waterworks. Settled in 1S7-J. Chauute was incorporated 1873, and is governed vmder a charter revised in 1S8S, which provides for a nuiyor. elected biennially, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 2820; in I'.HIO. -l"208. CHANZY, shiiN'z^', Antoine Eugene Alfred ( 182:5-83). A French soldier, bom at Nouart (Ar- dennes). He studied at the Military School of Saint Cyr. received a commission in the Zouaves, served in Algeria, and rose to the rank of major. He fought ill the Lombardy campaign of 1850, and participated in the Syrian expedition of 1860- »il. Commissioned general of brigade, he remained in Algeria until the outbreak of the Franco-Prus- sian War. His request for a brigade command was refused by the Government, but in October he obtained from the Government of Xational Defense the command of a division, and soon after of the Sixteenth Corps of the Army of the Loire. In December he became commander-in-chief of the Second Army of the Loire (known also as the Army of the West), and distinguished himself in the stubborn retreat from Beaugency to Laval. Ipon the conclusion of the armistice he was elect- ed to the Xational Assembly, and in 1872 was ap- pointed commander of the Seventh Army Corps. From 1873 to 1879 he was Governor of Algeria. and in 187.5 was elected a life Senator. In 1879 he received a third of the total vote at the Presi- dential election, and in 1880-81 was Ambassador at St. Petersburg. He is generally recognized as one of the most jirominent figures in the conduct of the French resistance to German invasion. He published La deuxieme armve de hi Loire (1871). Consult the biographies bv Chuquet (Pari*. 1884 1 and Villefranche (Parish 1800). CHAO-CHATJ, chou'chou'. A town in the Province of Kwang-tung, China. 1.5 miles north of the treaty port of Swatow (Map: China. E 7). Population," in 1898, estimated at 200,000. CHAOS, kii'iis (Lat., from Gk. ;t«of, chaos, abyss, from x"'"^'^! chaineiii, to yawTi, ;f<iff/cf<v, rhiiskeiii. to gape). In tiie ancient cosmogonies, the original infinite space, which was filled with cloud and darkness, from which .?nrang all things that exist. It gave birth to Erebus and Night, and. as a cosmic form, was the mother of Eros. In the later poets and nhilosophers the word chaos was applied to the confused, shapeless mass out of which the universe was formed into a cosmos, or harmonious order. Chaos was some- times used also with reference to the universe as fi whole, to the space between heaven and earth, and to the lower world. CHAPALA (chiVpa'la) LAKE. The largest hike in Mexico, situated in the State of .lalisco, in latitude 20° 15' N. and longitude 103' W. (.Maj): Mexico. G 7). It lies at an altitude of about GOOO feet, and covers an ari'a of about 1400 Vol. IV.— 32. square miles. Its chief tributary stream is the Kio Lerma. which enters from the east, and its outlet is the Kio Santiago, which leaves the lake on the north side, a few miles west of the mouth of the Itio Lerma. The lake contains a number of islands. Few towns are found on its slibrcs. CHAPARRAL, chii'pa-ral' (Sp. r/ui/tarra, live oak. probalily from Basque achapurra, from aitsa, rock + aharra. evergreen oak). A thorny xero- pliytic (dry ground) type of thicket, especially characteristic of Texas, Arizona, and the Mexi- cos. Sec TiiK Ki;r. CHAPARRAL COCK.' See Road-runner. CHAP-BOOKS (Engl, chap, AS. ccap, bar- gain. Kiigl. clicajt, Ger. Kanf, trade, Lat. caupo, iiiiiUeeper + liooks). The name given to a vari- ety of old and scarce tracts or booklets of a homely kind, which at one time formed the only popular literature. In the trade of the book- seller the' are distinguishable from the ordinary products of the press by their inferior paper and typography, ami are reputed to have been sold by chapmen, or peddlers; hence their designation. The older chap-books issued in the early part of the Seventeentli Century are printed in black letter, and are in the form of small volumes. Those of a later date are in the type now in use. but are equally plain in appearance. Of either variety, they were mostly printed in Lon- don, many lieing without dates. They were of a miscellaneous kind, including theological tracts, lives of heroes, martyrs, and wonderful person- ages, interpretations of dreams, fortune-telling, prognostications of the weather, stories of giants, gliost.s, hobgoblins, and witches, histories in verse, and songs and ballads. An inferior class of tracts succeeded these books for the common people, and are best known as Peniiii Cliap-hoohs. For the most part they consisted of a single slieet. duodecimo, or 24 pages. Besides the title, the first page usually contained a coarse wood- cut embellishment. The paper was of the coars- est kind adapted for printing, and the price, as the name imports, was a penny each. The sub- jects, besides being of a similar nature to the above, included stories of roguery and broa<l humor. These penny chap-books were issued liy an obscure class of publishers in London and several English provincial towns, particularly Newca.stlc-on-TNiic. They were also issued from the presses of Edin)jurgh, Glasgow. Falkirk, and Paisley. After 1800 the chap-ljooks rapiiUy de- clined in popularity, their place being taken by llaiiiiah More's lirpository Tracts, the I'cnntj .Mnr/azine, and other cheap publications. Collec- tions of the older chap-liooks are now found only in the libraries of bibliopliiles, by whom they have lieen picked up at extravagant jirices from dealers in second-hand books. Consult: Notices of Ftiaitive Tracts and Chap-hoolcs, Peicv So- ciety, Vol. XXIX. (London, 18,51) : Popular Eng- lish Histories, Percv Society. Vol. XXIII. (Lon- don, 1848), both edited by" Ilalliwell : and Ash- ton, .1 Uistorti of the Cliaji-books of the Eigh- teenth Century (London, 1882). Other countries have their chap-books. For France, consult Nisard, Histoire des livres populaires (Paris, 18.54): for Gennany, Simrock. Deutsche Volks- hiieher (13 vols., Berlin, 1830-07; new edition, 1887).