tonis. and sulisequently Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec-. For some years lie occupied the chair ot international hiw in the Montreal section of Laval I'niversity. In politics he was a deter- mined Conservative, and as an orator he was jicrhaps the most brilliant among French Cana- dians.
CHAPLET (OF. chapeleU dim. of chapel. Fr.
chajnnu, hat, from'Med. Lat. capcllus. hood. dim.
of ciipa. cappn, hood, mantle). A garland or
headband of leaves and (lowers. In heraldry,
a chaplet is always composed of four roses, the
other ]i;irts being leaves.
CHAPLIN, sluVplaN', Charles (1825-91), A
French painter and engraver. He was born of
English parents at Les Andelys, France, and be-
came a French citizen. He studied at the Ecole
des Beaux- Arts, and jiainted decorations in the
Tuileries, the Elysfe, and other public and pri-
vate buildings in Paris. His jmrtraits of women
are much praised, and he ha.s been called "the
painter of the boudoir.' Chaplin wa.s a popular
teacher. His pictures, "Souvenirs" and "Les
balles de savon," are in the Lu.einbourg. He
etched after Rubens, Watteau, and some of his
own works.
CHAPMAN (AS, ceapman, trader, OHG.
choufmann, Ger. Kaufmann, from ciap, barter,
business + mann, man). A trader, but popularly applied in a more limited sense to a dealer in snuill articles, who travels as a peddler or attends markets. Chapnum is from chap, equiva-
lent to cheap, a word which in its origin signi-
fied a market or place for trading: hence, Cheap-
side, I'astcheap. See C'ii.P-nooKS.
CHAPMAN, Ai.v.x Wentworth (1809-99), An Anurican botanist. He was born at Southampton, ilass., and graduated at Amherst Col-
lege in 1820. He was a botanist of exceptional ability, and a botanical genus, the 'Chapmannia,' has been named after him. He published the work entitled Flora of the Southern United
' Statex (18fi0).
CHAPMAN, Frank Miciiler (1864—). An
American ornithologist, born at Knglewood. X, J.
lie was appointed assistant curator in vertebrate
zoijlosj- in the .merican iluseum of Natural His-
tory.New York City, in 1887, In 1897 he was
elected to the presidency of the Linnsean Society,
of Xew York. He has made some excellent close-
range photographic studies of bird-life, and in
addition to many contributions to The Ank. of
which he became associate editor, and to liird
IJfe, of which he has for some time been editor-
in-chief, he has published a Handbook of Birds of
Eastern North America (1895), Bird Life, a
Chiide to the Study of Our Common Birds (1897),
and Bird .S7»(/ies in'f/i a Camera (1900),
CHAPMAN, George (c.1559-16.34). An English piet and dramatist, born near Hitehin, Hert-
fordshire. According to Wood, lie studied at
Oxford and Cambridge. In 1598 he was already
known as a successful playwright. Among his
earliest and best plays are: The Blind Beggar of
Alexandria (printed 1598): All Fools (printed
1005); Eastirard Hoe! in • collaboration with
.lonson and Marston (1(105): The tIcntUman
Usher (IfiOfi): Bnssi/ d'Anihois. a Trniied;/. the
most popular of nil (11507 1; Conspiracy and
Tragedy of Charles. Duke ,,i Byron (1008); Hay
Day (IGll); The inrfoir's Tears (1012); and
C<esar and I'ompey (10:!1). Though Chapnuurs
plays are usually weak in jilot and in the devel-
opment of character, they abound in striking pa.<-
sages. Hesides plays. Chapman wrote much
else: The Shadow ofXight ( 1594); Oiirf'»- Ban-
quet of Scnce (1595); De (Iniana, Carmen Epi-
cum (1590): a continuation of Marlowe's Hero
and Leander (1598): The Tears of Peace ( 1009),
and several other poems, lie is, however, best
known as the first transhitor of Homer into
English verse. The Iliad ai)i)eaied in install-
ments (1598-1011); likewise the Ody.<sseii (1014-
15). Both were published together in 1010,
For the former. Chapman employed rhymc'd
verse of seven accented syllables; for the latter,
rhymed verse of five accented syllables. The
translation of the Iliad has been criticised for its
inaccuracy. On the other hand, it has been
jiraised for its rapid movement and it is a noble
piH-m. The complete works of Chapman, in three
volumes, were edited by Shepherd, with an el;ib-
orate introduct(U-y essay by Swinburne ( Lon-
don, 1874-75). A literal reprint of the plays
was published by Pearson (London, 1873) . Selec-
tions from the plays are to be found in the "Mer-
maid .Series." edited by Phelps (London and Xew
York); Swinburne, Ceorge Chapman: A Critical
Essay (London, 1875); and Matthew Arnold,
essay "On 'i'ranslaling Homer" (lt>:J5). Consult
Coleridge, Literary Remains. Vol. 1. (London,
is.'io-:)'.*!.
CHAPMAN, Mrs.:Mari. ( We.ston ) (1800-
85). An -iiicrican reformer, prominent as an
Abolitionist dining the anti-slaverv" struggle.
She was born in Weymouth. Mass., was educated
partly there and partly iu England, and in 1829-
30 was principal of the Young Ladies' High
School in Boston, Mass, In 1830 she married
Henry G. Chapman, who died twelve years later.
After 1834 she was active as an Abolitionist,
writing much for the press and speaking occa-
sionally in public. She was treasurer for several
years of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society,
and was the editor of The Liberty Bell, an anti-
slavery annual, which, says Samuel .1. ^lay,
"year after year rung out the clearest notes of
personal, civil, and spiritual liberty." She wrote
the pamphlets Right and ^yrong in Massachu-
setts and night and Hcoiij in Boston, which had
a wide circulation, and compiled the official anti-
slavery hymn-book. The Songs of the Free. Fioui
1848 to 1850 she lived in Paris, France. She
was an intimate frieuil of Harriet JIartineau. anil
published the latter's Autohiography, nith Me-
morials, in 1877. Lowell, in his "Fable for
Critics, characterizes her as follows;
There wns Maria Chapman, too.
With htT swift e.vi'H of rleiip st<H»l blue.
A noble woman, brave and apt,
CuniO'a'H M.vbil not more rapt.
Wlio ini^:lit with those fair tresses shorn
The Maiil c)( Orleans' ensque have worn.
Hfivelf the ,Ioan of onr .Vri'.
I-'or every shaft a shining mark.
CHAPONE, Hester (1727-1801), An English essayist. She wrote a short romance in her ninth year, and while still ery yomig l)ecanie
jiroficient in Italian, Latin, music, and drawing. She wrote for the Ilamblcr. Adrcnturer, ami (lentleman's Magazine, but is best remembered by her Letters on the linprorement of the .Mind (1772), which went through many editions. In
