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CHAPONE. 45) u CHAPTER-HOUSE. 1760 she married Mr. Chajione, an attorney, who died ten months afterwards. Her Works, irilh a I. iff Dratnt C/i hn her Otmi Family, appeared in ISO", in funr volumes. CHAPPAtTL. See Squaw-Fish. CHAPPE, *h:ip, Clacde (1763-1805). _ . Freneh inventor, born in Kouen. who, in 17SI2. contrived the lirst workinjr ocular telegrapli of iniportanee. His invention (called a ■sema- phore') consisted of an upri-jht post, on the top of which was fixed a transverse bar, and at the ends of the bar two smaller arms movable on j)ivots. The position of the bars represented letters or words: and, by means of such machines jilaced at remote b>t easily visible points, mes- sages were conveyed fifty leagues in a quarter of an hour. Until" almost the period of electric telesrraphy the m.ichinc was used for military purjxises," and especially for noting the arrival of ships, in nearly all "the countries of Europe. A similar invention had, however, been produced bv Hooke as early as lf.S4, and Chajjpe was so harassed by charges that he had stolen his ideas from others that be cdiiiniitted suicide. CHAPPE D'ATJTEEOCHE, sliap' dotrosh', .Je.x (1 722-09). A French astronomer, born at Jlauriac, Auvergne. He was ordained to the priesthood, but afterwards devoted himself to astronomy. In 17'il he obsened the transit of Venus atTobolsk, on which jihenomenon he pub- lished the report entitled Yoyaye en Hihcrie fait f/i 11:61 (2 vols., Paris, 1708). In reply to the unfavorable opinions on Russia expressed in this work, Catharine II. and Shuvaloflf caused the publication of the refutation entitled Anti- dote ou extimen du mauvais Urre superbement imprime, intitule: Voijage de Vubbe Chappe d'Auteroche (1771). Chappe"s report on the transit of Venus, as obsered by him in Cali- fornia in 1709, was published in Paris (1772). CHAPPED HANDS. A form of eczema pro- duced by unihic exposure to extremes of cold and heat, and affecting chielly the most exposed joints, over which the skin swells and cracks, with itching, pain, and heat. In the most severe cases there is ulceration, which is difficult to heal in proportion to the lengtli of time the disease has been neglected. Chapping may gen- erally be avoided if the hands are washed always with tepid water, and not habitually exposed to great cold, or, when cold, to the heat of a fire, or kept clean and not washed very frequently, and always thoroughly dried. When formed, they may be treated with oxide of zinc ointment : or with dilute solution of borax in glycerin and water: or with glycerin alone, slightly diluted with water; the hands being in any case habitu- i-Uy covered ith buckskin or kid gloves in cold weather. CHAPRA, or CHITPRA, eluip'ni. . town in India, in the Province of liehar. Bengal, on the north bank of the (ianges. 3.7 miles northwest of Patna (Map: India, D 3). It extends nearly a mile along the river, and has several pagodas, mos((ues, and churches. There is trade in cot- ton, sugar, and salt|>etre. Population, in 1891, 57.3.52: in 1901, 4.i.400. CHAPTAL, shi^i)'tar. .Ieax Antoine, Cotmt de CiiA.NTELorp 117.50-1832). A French chemist and statesman. He studied medicine and chem- istry, and l)ecame professor of eliemistry at Mont- l)ellier. Subsequently, he established chemical works near there, and acquired celebrity for pro- ducing chemicals which had hitherlo been im- ported. It is said that the Spanish tujvernment olVered him a large pension to go to Spain, and his biographer relates that Wasliington wrote re- peatedly to Chaptal inviting him to come to America. During the Revolution the Committee of Public Safety init him in charge of the salt- petre works of Orenellc. .fter the IStli P.ni- maire (November 9, 1799) he was made a coun- cilor of State by Napoleon, and sticeeedcd Lucien Bonaparte as ^Minister of the Interior, in which capacity he established chambers of connnerce, a school of arts, and in many ways contributed to the material development of the country. In 1804 he lost Napoleon's favor, but he was recalled the following .year and made a member of the Senate. I hi Napoleon's return from Elba, Chaptal was made Direct or-Oeneral of Commerce and Manufac- tures and Minister of State. The downfall of the Empire sent him to ])rivate life. He wrote a treatise on applied chemistry which was trans- lated into the ])rincipal European languages. Con- sult Flourens, Elogcs liistoririiics (Paris, 18.56- f.2). CHAPTER. A stated assembly of monks or canons: from this, the canons and other dignii- taries of a cathedral or collegiate church, con- sidered as the council of the bishop. The name arose from the practice of reading at daily meet- ing a chapter of the rule under whieli the monks or canons lived. It is applied in modem usage to the body of canons, whether in a Roman Catholic fir Anglican cathedral. They have special stalls assigned to them in the choir of the cathedral, and usually >a house in the pre- cincts. The obligations of members of the chap- ter are substantially the same in both, and in- clude daily participation in divine service, resi- dence during a fixed portion of the year, and as- sistance in the deliberations of the body. Roman Catholic canons are distinguished by the title "very reverend,' and by permission to wear the rochet and mozetta in choir. The bishop in both churches may appoint honorary canons, who are not members of the chapter. It was for- merly the custom so to appoint secular jirinces ; thus the Emperor was always an honoraiy canon of Cologne. Consult Bouix. De Cnpitulis (Paris, 1852 I . CHAPTER COFFEE-HOUSE. An Eigh- teenth Century resort for wits and literary men. Its site is on the south side of Paternoster Row. London, situated at the corner of Chapterllouse Court. Saint Paul's. It is at present a tavern. CHAPTER-HOUSE (Engl, chapter, Fr., OF. chiipilrc. friiiii Lat. enpitiiliiin. chapter, dim. of caput, head -f house). The building in which the monks and canons of monastic establisli- ments. and the dean and chapter of cathedral and collegiate churches, meet for the manage- ment of the .affairs of their order or society. (See Catiikdkal: Chapter.) Chapter-houses fre- quently exhibit the most ehiborate architec- tural adornment : as. for examjde, those at York, Southwell, and Wells. The original stained- glass windows remain at York, and are of ex- quisite beauty. On the walls of that at Westmin- ster the original fresco-painting has been discov- ered. Chapterhouses are of various forms; those at York and Westminster are octagonal;