Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/576

CHAPTER-HOUSE. 496 CHARACTERISTIC. those at Oxford, Exeter, Canterbury, Gloucester, etc., are parallelograms; Lichfiekl is an oMoiij,' octagon ; Lincoln, a decagon ; and Worcester, a circle. They are always contiguous to the church, and are generally placed to the west of the transepts. They generally either open into the church, or are entered by a passage. Cliaii- terhouses were often used as ])laces of sepul- ture, and have sometimes crypts under them, as at Wells and Westminster. CHAPTERS, The Three. The name given to the c'undemnatidii issued by the Emperor .Justin- ian in .')44 against the three persons or writings — viz. (1) the person and writings of Theodore of llopsuestia; (2) the writings of Theodore against Cyril and for Xestorius: (3) the letter which Ibas of Edessa is said to have written to the Persian Maris. The word 'chapter' in this use was understood to mean a fonu of anathema which threatened with exctmununication every one who maintained the deprecated doctrine. The Enijieror interfered in the theological dis- jnites of the ])eriod in the interest of ortluxloxy. Unwittingly lie stirred up a great controversy, liecause he seemed to be condemning the Coimcil of Chalcedon (451). CHAPTJ, sha'pu', Hexri Michel Antoixe ( is:):)-!)!!. A Erench sculptor, born at Lemee, Seine-et-Marne. He studied in Paris under Pra- dicr. Duret, and Cogniet, and received the Grand Prix de P.ome in 1855. He devoted himself largely to subjects of a mythological and alle- gorical chaiacter, and executed many fine works, amcmg which may be mentioned : ".Jeanne d"Arc at Domremy" (Luxembourg Gallery) ; statue of "Vouth" for the monument to Henri Regnault ; statue of the novelist Flaubert: and ■'The Can- tata'" for the facade of the Grand Opfra, Paris. CHAPUIi'TEPEC (Aztec, hill of the grass- h(]ppersl. A small hill. .3 miles southwest of the city of Mexico, rising about 150 feet above the surrounding plain. On it the Aztec mon- archs are said to have made their sununer home; and here, in 17<S5, Galvez, then Viceroy of Mex- ico, began to erect an imposing fortified castle, which, though never fully completed, was used after 1822 as a niilitarv school. In the war between Jlexico and the IL'nited States the hill wa.s strongly fortified by the ilexicans, and was the scene (September 12-1.3, 1847) of the last serious conflict of the war. After the battle of Molino del Eey (q.v.), Scott planned a move- ment against Chapultepec, and on September 12 opened a heavy bombardment, under cover of wlijch. on the following day, Generals Pillow and yuitman, supported respectively by Generals Worth and Smith, made gallant assaults, the former can-ying the fortifications on the west and the latter on the southeast: and the Mexi- cans, after making a stubborn defense, were driven in confision back toward the city. On the 14th the Americans entered the City of Jlex- ico, and the war was virtually ended. During the three days (12th. 13th. and 14thl the Ameri- cans lost 8(>3 in killed and wounded (General Pil- low being among the latter), while the ilexicans are known to have lost a nuich larger number. On the side of the Americans about 7500 men were engaged; on the side of the Mexicans, about 4000. Consult: II. H. Bancroft, llislon/ of .Vcj- ico, Vol. V. (San Francisco, 1885), and C. M. Wilcox. History of the Mexican War (Washing- ton, 1S!)2). CHAR (Gael, ccora, blood-colored, from (ia(d., Ir. ccar, blood). A name given to the innnerous varieties of i^alrclinus alpinus, a fish of the salmon family, and extended to several American 'trout.' The char has smaller scales than the true troit (Salnio), differs in the structure of the vomer, and has red instead of blick spots, especially during the breeding .sea- son. The color is "grayish or green above, the lower jiarts red, es])ecially in the male: lower (ins anteriorly margined with white. Sides or body with round red spots; back not marbled." This species has a wide distribution, occurring in cold lakes and UKnintain streams of central and northern Euroiie, of northeastern America, ami probably also in Siberia. It is extremely vari- al)le, and has. consequently, received a host of spe- cific names, such as 'sail)ling,' 'siilbling,' 'ombre chevalier,' 'Greenland trout,' etc. 'J'he chars "are by far the most active and handsome of the trout, and live in the ciddest. clearest, and most secluded waters" (.Ionian and Evcrmannl. They take preference over the trout as game fish. The best known of the distinctively .Xnu'rican char-i is the brook-trout, or speckled trout: but the trout of the Rangeley Lakes, in Jlaine. is some- what nenrer the European type. Sec Trout. CHARACE.a;, k!i-r;"l'se-e. See Chak.les. CHARACTER (Lat., from Gk. ,fa^n(c7iip, cha- ralcti'r, feature, graving-tool. from ,Yn/J"0(Tfii', c/m- rasseiii, to engrave). A name given in ethics to the self-conscious nature of an agent. Tliis na- ture manifests itself in, and as. the continuity of the various successive voluntary' acts of the agent. Character has ])o|)ularly been construed as a sort of causal substrate, underlying acts of conduct and giving rise to them. This ])o])ular concc])tion has been responsildc for the difiicul- tics ordinarily thought to be involved in free will (q.v.). The conception of chaiacter not as a substrate, but as a continuity, of a man's volun- tary acts, enables us to escape all these dilli- culties, and also keeps us in touch with the facts as they actually apjiear in exi)erience, Xo one has ever known his own or his neighbor's char- acter as a substrate, l^ut what cvei'v one knows or can know is the general way in which he or his neighbor acts, and it is this general mode of conduct that constititcs character. The char- acter may be vacillating or firm, noble or base: Imt whatever it be, it jjrimarily is the way a man conducts himself, and it is only false metaphysics which turns a law of action into a substrate. See SiiB.STANCE ; Ethics; Deter.mixi.sm. CHARACTERISTIC. A term variously em- ployed in mathematics, requiring specific defini- tion in each case. The integral part of a logarithm is calleil its characteristic; thus, in logl25 = 2.00(>!l. logO.013 = 2.1131). logo = (i090, the characteristics of the three logarithms are, respectively, 2, — 2, and 0, The character- istic of the conunon logarithm of a nund>er con- taining an integral part is one less than tlic nundier of integral jilaces: that of a decimal ii negative, and is one more, in actual value, than the number of ciphers preceding the first sig- nificant figure. On accoimt of this simple rela- tion, the characteristic is not ordinarily given in the tables of common logarithms.