Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/595

CHARLES X. 515 CHARLES II. dora of the press, already largely eurtaileil. de- creeing a new mode of elei-tion. and dissolving the recently elected (.liainlier. The peo|>le of Paris took up arms, and the revolution of July 27-29 overthrew the Bourlion monarchs. As a last re- source Charles abdicated the throne, August 2, 1830, in favor of his grandson, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux. It was too late, however, as the revolution was accomplished, and Louis Phi- lippe. Duke of Orleans, was chosen King of tlic French. Charles made his escape to Englaud, resided for some time at Holyrood. and after- wards at Prague, lie took no part in the polit- ical intrigues and atleni])ts of the Duchess of Berry. He died of cholera at Gijrz. November 6, 18.3»>. Charles X. was a characteristic example of that type of Bourbons who "never learn any- thing and never forget anything." CHARLES III. (l;i4o-SG). King of Naples from 13S1 to 1380, also known as Charles of Du- razzo and Charles 11. of Hungary-. His father, Louis of Gravina. died in prison, having rebelled against Joanna I. ot Naples. The Queen adopted Charles, but afterwards abandoned him in favor of Louis 1. of Anjou. Charles descended into Italy, at the invitation of Pope Urban VL, and seized the crown of Naples (1381), causing Joanna to be strangled in prison (1382). Louis of Anjou contested the throne, and Charles had to wage war with his rival, who died in 1384. He was invited to accept the cro«ii of Hungary by a party dissatisfied with the rule of Queen Elizabeth and her daughter, and was crowned at the close of the year 1385; but soon a revolt was incited ag-ainst the Italians, and Charles was poisoned in prison. CHARLES n. (1332-87). King of Navarre, known as The Bad. He was the son of Philip of Evreiix and of Joanna, the daughter of the French King. Louis X. He became King of Navarre in 134!) on the death of his mother, and in 13.52 married Joanna, the daughter of .John II. of France. Between the two rulers an implacable hatred prevailed, resulting in great misfortunes to France. In 13.54 John confiscated the exten- sive possessions of the King of Navarre in Normandy, and in revenge Cliarles formed an alliance with the English and made preparations for the invasion of France. The two kings, how- ever, became reconciled : Charles's territories were restored to him and in 13.55 he was in Paris, ostensibly on terms of friendship with the King, but in reality plotting with the nobles against him. -As a result he was thrown into prison and was not freed until November. 1337. In the same year he was in Paris, at peace with the Dauphin, and enjoying great popularity with the bour- geoisie. As a champion of the people he sided with Etienne Marcel (q.v. I in the revolt of Paris against the royal authority, and in .June. 1358, was made captain of the city. His perfidiousness and cruelty, however, in repressing .Jacquerie destroyeil his popularity, and after playing fast and loose with the Dauphin and the English he formed an alliance with the latter and ravage<l Northern France f(ir more than a year, till bought otr in 1350. .fter 13(i2 his imjiortance in French politics waned, but he found sufficient scope for the exercise of his talent for duplicity in the complicated politics of the Iberian Peninsula. In 1378 Charles V. of France deprived him of his possessions in that country while a Castilian omiv invaded Navarre. ilh the aid of the English, however, he succeeded in warding off the danger on the side of Castile. He died on .January 1, 1387. CharU-s was possessed of great political genius and line oratorical gifts; but he was mercenary, cruel, and perfectly unscrupu- lous in the attainment of his ends. He was twice accused of attempting to poison the French King, not without sudicient evidence. CHARLES I. (1863—). King of Portugal since ISSIi. 1 be son of Luiz I. and of Maria Pia, the dauglitcr of Victor Emmanuel II. of Italy, he was born September 28. 1803. He succeeded to the throne October in. 1889. He married, in 1886, Jlarie Anu'lic. the daughter of the Comte de Paris. Of this union came two sons. Luiz Phi- lipiie, Duke of Braganza. born Jlarch 21, 1887, and ilanoel. born November 15. 188!). His reign has witnessed the rise of a strong radical party in Portugal, traceable in great measure to the financial difficulties under whidi the country labored during the last decade of the Nineteenth Century. In international all'airs the political status of Portugal has lieen cnlianced by the growth of European colonization in Africa and the increased importance of its possessions in that continent, especially in East Africa. CHARLES I. (1S39— ). King of Rumania. He was liorn -Vpril 20. 1839, the second son of Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. He served in the Prussian Army, and after the dethronement of Alexander .John (Cuza) was elected Prince of Rumania, A])ril 20, 1866, and arrived in the capital, Bucharest, in May. The country was in a wretched condition, the prey of rival factions and foreign intrigues. The new Prince showed tact and statesmanship in the work of reorganization. At the outbreak of the Russo- Turkish War (q.v.). in 1S77, the Rumanian army was mobilized, an alliance was concluded with Russia, and Prince Charles took the com- mand in person. The army was kept in Ruma- nian territory for some weeks, after the opening of the campaign, because of Austrian jealousy of military activity on the part of her Bal- kan neighbors. Prince Charles took the field with his Rumanians, however, when an attack on Plevna had been opened, and rendered valu- able assistance in the hardest fighting of the war. A few weeks after the beginning of the war Rumania declared her inde])endence (May 21). In 1881 Rumania assumed the title of kingdom, and on May 23 Charles was crowned as King at Bucharest, fnder him the internal de- vcliipment of the country luis gone actively for- ward, education has advanced, and a safe course has been steered in the ditVuiilt politics of south- eastern Europe. Charles married Princess Eliza- beth von Wied (known by her pen-name Carmen Sylva). November 15. 18fi0. The succession, in case of his dying childless, was settled upon his elder brother. Leopold, who renounced the claim in favor of his son, Ferdinand. Consult Whit- man. Ilrmiiiisrences of the Kiiiq of liiimatiia (l.niidnn. 1S!I!I). CHARLES I. King of Spain. Sec Cii.vRi.ES .. Holy liniiKin Em|)eror. CHARLES II. (1661-1700). King of Spain from 1665 to 1700. He was the son of Philip IV.. and was but four years old when his father dicii, the regency being in the hands of the (^uecn-mother, Maria . na of Austria. During her nile Spain was much weakened by an un-