Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/596

CHARLES II. 516 CHARLES X. GUSTAVUS. successful war with France, and by the loss of Sicily. In 167.5 Charles assumed the govern- ment, taking for his chief adviser Don Jolin, an illegitimate .son of the late King, who was a man of ahility. By marrying Louise of Orleans, a nie<e of Louis XIV., Charles maintained liar- mony with France for several years. After her death Charles married a sister of the Emperor Leopold L He joined the Grand Alliance in the war against Louis XIV., which was concluded liv the Peace of Ryswick (1607). Charles was childless, and was prevailed u])on to appoint as his successor Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIW On his death. Xovember 1, 1700, the claim of Philip of Anjou was contested and the War of the Spanish Succession ensued. .See Succession Wak.s: Ch.kle.s VI; Loris XIV. CHARLES III. (1716-88). King of Spain from 17">!l to 17SS. He was the second son of Phili]) v.. and great-grandson of Louis XIV. of Frame. Parma and Piacenza were obtained for him when he was only fifteen to satisfy the am- hition of his mother. Klizalietli Farncse. In 1734 he invaded the Two Sicilies, then belonging to Austria, and comi)leted their comiuest in 1735, when he was crowned King as Charles III., the Kraperor Charles VI. being forced to recognize his title in the treaties of Vienna (173,5, 1738). On the death of his brother, Ferdinand VI., in 17.50, Charles succeeded to the Sjianish throne, lie was a man of .ibility and liberal ideas, and elTected many reforms, es])ecially in financial ad- ministration. The .Jesuits were banished in 1767 and an effint was made to bring the Inquisition under the control of the civil power. Charles en- deavored to put a stop to brigandage and to Algerine piracy, and interested himself in the development of commerce and the arts and sci- ences. He was an ally of France in the Seven Years' War. and in 1763 was compelled to cede Florida to Kngland. Louisiana being made over to Spain by France. At the close of the .American War of Independence Florida was restored to Spain. Unsuccessful attempts were made in 1781 and 1782 to take Cibraltar from the English. Charles died in iladriil. December 14, 1788. Con- sult: Colletta. Ilifilory of the Kinqdom of Naples, J~iV,-lS23. translated by Horner (Edinburgh, 18.58); Armstrong, Klhnheth Farncse (London, 1802) ; Danvila. l/istoria c/eiirral tie Espai'ia, pub- lished under the direction of Cmovas del Castillo (Madrid. ISOii. CHARLES IV. (I74S-1S10). King of Spain from 178S to 1808. He was the son and successor pf Charles 111., and was born in Naples, Novem- ber 12. 1748. When very young, Charles mar- ried his cousin.- Maria Louisa, of Parma, who 60on acquired great infhicnce over him. The gov- ernment was conducted chiefly by Godoy (q.v.), a handsome but dissolute guardsman and a favor- ite of the Que<>n. who was made Duke of Aleudia, and .Minister of Foreign Affairs. Peace with the Fn'Uch Hepulilic was concluded in 1795. after a disastrous war, undertaken at the instance of Godoy. Soon after this peace an offensive and defensive alliam'c was made with France, and iSi)ain speedily became involved in war with Por- tugal and also with England, the main event of which was the destruction of the Spanish fleet bv Nelson at Trafalgar in 1805. In 1807 Charles made a secret treaty with Najioleon according to which Portugal was to be seiwd by the French and Spani^ll. and the greate.- ^)art to be divided between Godoy and the Infanta Maria Louisa, i,iueen of Etruria. while Charles was to assume the title of Emperor of America; at the "same time Ki.OOO Spanish troops were to be sent to the assistance of the French in Demnark. Mean- while, Napoleon was intriguing with Don Ferdi- nand, the heir to the throne. On March 1!), 1808, Charles, alarmed by disturbances in Madrid, ab- dicated in Fcrdinan<rs favor. He declared imme- diately that this act was not voluntary. In a meeting with Napolccm at IJayonne, Charles sur- rendered the crown on May 5, 1808, to the French Empi'nu", who gave him a pension of 6.000.000 francs, and the castle and grounds of Chamlxird. He died January 10, 1810, in Rome. See Godoy; Sl'AIX. CHARLES IX. (1550-ltill). Kingof Sweden from 1004 to 1611. He was the .third son of Gustavus Vasa, and in 1560 became Duke of Si'klermanhind. In 1502 he became regent of the kingdom after the death of his father, .Tolm. and as such favored the introduction of the lieformed religion into Sweden. In 1503 he secured the adoption of the Augsburg creed as the basis of the national religion, and he confirmed the posi- tion of Protestantism by his victory at Staonge- bro in 1508 over his nephew. Sigisnuind of Po- land, who was rightful King of .Sweden, hut who, as a ilccided partisan of Catholicism, was objec- tionable to the mass of the people, .fter many attem])ts at conqiromise. Sigisnuuid was formally deposed in 1300 and Charles was made regent. He ascended the throne in 1604. He engaged in wars with Poland. Kussia, and Denmark, but his people did not share his ambit icms and denied him the support he desired. Charles founded the University of Gothenburg and made a new code of laws. He wrote a rhymed clironicle of the war with Poland. CHARLES X. GUSTAVUS ( I (i22 60 ) . King of Sweilen from lil5t to liiOO. He was born at Nykiiping. NovemU'r 8. 1622. the sop of Cath- arine, eldest sister of Gustavus Adolphus, and of .John Casimir. Count Palatine of Zweibriicken (Detix Fonts). After sttidying at the liniversity of Upsala, he traveled through France, (icrmany, and Switzerland, and joined the army of Torsten- son (q.v.) in 1642. He fought at the battles of .Jankau and I-eipzig, and at the clo.se of the Thirty Years' War was the reijresentative of (,iueen Christina at the ccmference held subse- (pient to the Treaty of We>tphalia. On the ab- dication of Christina he succeeded, .hine Ifi. 1654, to tile throne of a kingdom in an almost bankrupt condition. In 1655 Cliarles invaded Poland, whose King, .John Casimir, indulged in jiretensions to the Swedisli Crown, compelled the Elector of Brandenburg. Frederick William, to enter into an alliance with him. defeate<i the Polish army in a great battle at Warsaw (.Inly 28-30. 165()) and overran the country, but retired wlu'ii Kussia and Austria prepared to assist the Poles, while the King of Denmark invade(l the Swedisli terri- tories in Germany. He attacked Denmark in 1658. crossing the Little Belt on the ice, and secured for Sweden the provinces of Scania. Hal- land, and Bleking. Renewing the war in the same year, Charles laid siege to Copenhagen. The Dutch came to the assistance of the Danes and defeated the Swedish fleet, and in 1650 Charles had to abandon the siege. M the same time his forces were defeated in Pomerania by the Elector of Brandenburg, who had turned