Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/606

CHABMIDES. 526 CHABPENTIEB. CHARMIDES. One of the dialogues of Plato representing a conversation between Socrates, young Charniides, and two other Athenians, on the siiliict of moderation. CHARNAY, shlirnfi', Cl.ude Joseph Btsist (1S2S — ). A Frencli traveler, born in Fleurieux, Rhone. In 1857, under the auspices of the French Government, he began a long series of expeditions to Mexico and other parts of the world. With the further assistiince of I'ierre horillard, he. in 1880, undertook the explora- tion and excavation of the ancient cities of Mexico. He made many imporUint discoveries, the chief results of which are set forth in the collection at the Museum of the Trocadero, and in his work Lcs anciennes rilles dti Doufcuii vioiide (1884). of which an English translation appeared in 1887 {The Ancient Cities of the ycic Wjjild, by Mesdames Oonino and Conant; introduction by Allen T. Ric^ . He has also pul)lished Cites et riiiites amiricaines (1863), with an atln-. CHARNEL-HOUSE (OF. charnel, camel, Med. Lat. carnaic, charnel, from caro, flesh + house) . A chamber situated in a churchyard or other burying-place. in which the bones of the dead which were thrown up by the grave-diggers were reverently deposited. The cliarnel-house was generally vaulted in the roof, and was often a building complete in itself, having a chapel or chantry attached to it. In such eases the eharnel-vault was commonly a crypt under the chapel, and even in churches it was not uncom- mon for the vault or crypt to be employed as a churnel -house. CHARNISE, shiir'ne'za', Charles de Menou, Seigneur D'.Vuluay de ( 1 -1650). A French proprietor in Acadia. In 1632 he accompanied the party under Isaac de Razilly which settled at La Have for the purpose of recovering the Aca- dian possessions of France. In 1635 Charnise commanded an expedition to the Penobscot Riv- er, where he conquered the fort which had been built there l)y the Plymouth colonists, telling its defenders that in the following year he would annex the entire region to the fortieth degree, north latitude. After the death of Razilly, Char- nise succeeded to the connnand, and made Port Royal (Annapolis) the chief settlement of Aca- dia, then a vast territory embracing what is now- New Brunswick and Nova Scotia', and afterwards extending to the Penobscot. He later treacher- ously captured Fort La Tour, and in 1645 went to France, where he was appointed Governor and lieutenant-general of Acadia by the Government of Louis XIV. (1647). As soon, however, as the charge of treachery reached the Court. CharnisC' was dismissed from office and superseded by Le Tovir. CHAR'NOCK, Stephen (1028-80). An Eng- lish Puritan theologian. He was educated at Cambridge and at Oxford, and became jjroctor at the latter when Oliver Cromwell was chan- cellor. He went to Ireland as chaplain to Henry Cromwell, l^ord Deputy. In 1600 he was si- lenced by the .Act of Uniformity, and returned to London, where he preached for fifteen years, but without a settled <ongregatinn. He was a man of great piety and vast learning. After his death his writings were published, the chief being On the Kxerlleiiee and Atlrihiite.'! of (lod (1681- 82). In 1860 President .Tames McCosh published an edition of Chamoek's works, with a life of the autlior. CHARN'WOOD FOREST. A forest in the northwestern part of Leicestershire, England. It lies on a gradual rise of ground culminating in Bardon Hill, which is 900 feet high. CHARON, ka'ron (Lat., from (ik. Xapuv, Etrusc. Charun). In classical mythology, the ferryman of the Lower ()rld. who conveys the souls of the dead to the realm of Hades. Charon does not ap|H'ar in the Homeric [xienis. though he was early prominent in popular belief and appeared in one of the lost epics, wlieiice Poly- gnotus introduced him into his great [lainting of "Odysseus in the Lower World." Fr(jm the Fifth Century B.C. Charon a])pears frequently in literature. He is also often represented on the Athenian white letythi, vases buried with the dead, where he is depicted as a bearded man wearing the short tunic and pointed cap of a sea- man, in a skill' with a single oar. To jiay the fare a small coin (otmlus) was placed in the mouth of the dead. On Etruscan monuments Charon is represented as a demon of death, with bestial face, huge tusks, and pointed ears, carry- ing snakes, or, more commonly, a large hammer. The bodies of fallen gladiators were dragged from the arena by a man disguised as this Etruscan demon. CHARONDAS, ka-ron'dns (Lat., from Gk. Xopui'(!nf). A celebrated legislator of ancient Greece. He was born at Catana, in Sicily, and is mentioned, with Lycurgus, Solon, Zaleucus, and others, as a famous lawgiver. To him were ascribed the laws of the Chalcidian colonies in .Sicily and Italy. The date when he lived is ((uite uncertain, but he probably belonged to the Si.xth Century n.c. Little is known of his laws, for what purports to have originated with him is probably to be assigned to later modifications of his work. He is said to have required that whoever proposed a change in his laws should appear before the people with a hal- ter round his neck, ready to forfeit his life if the change were not adopted. CHARON OF LAMPSACUS (first half of Fifth Century B.C.). One of the earlier Greek historical writers, known as logographcrs. He preceded Herodotus in narrating the events of the Persian War. The extant fragments of his works were collected by Krsuzer, in his Ilistori- eoruni Grcecorum Antiiiuissimorum Frufjmenia; and by Miiller, Fragmenta Ilistoricorum Clrwco- rum ("Paris. 1841). CHARON'S (ka'ronz) STAIRCASE (trans- lation of Ctk.Xaptjysiog K?j/LaijCharoneios h'liinax). A series of steps which led from the middle of the stjige down into the orchestra, in the (ireek theatre. It was thus designated because 'the ghost' generally made his entrance by them. CHARPENTIER, shiir'piiN'tyil', Francois PillLU'i'K (1734-1817). . French mechanic, en- graver, and designer. He was born in Hlois. and studied engraving in Paris. He is the inventor of the aquatint or nitric-acid process in engraving, but sold his secret to Count Cayltis. The earliest engravings in aquatint made by him are the following: "Perseus and Andromeda," after Van- loo: The Decapitation of .Tohn the Baptist." after Guenino; nnd "The Children's Bacchanal," after de Witt. As 'roval mechanician' he after-