Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/68

CALIPH. 46 CALL. the Abbassidos ; Weil, flcschichfe der Chalifcn (5 vols., Jlannheiiii and Stuttgart, 1846-G2) ; Sved Ainper Ali, A Short History of the Saracens (New York, 1899) ; S. Lane Poole, The Moham- medan Dynasties (London, 1894). CALIP'PIC CYCLE. See Period. CAL ISA'YA BARK. See Cinchona. CALIS'TA. (1) The vengeful -ivife of Alta- mont and mistress of the "gay' Lothario, in Eowe's Fair Penitent. The role was a great favorite with Eighteenth Century actresses. (2) The wife of Oleander in Massinger and Fletcher's Lover's Progress. She is possessed of an intense passion for Lysander, but still re- mains true to lier husband. The character was largely suggested by Caliste, in Daudiguier's Ly- sandre et Caliste. (3) The lady-in-waiting and conliQante of Queen Bcrengaria, in Scott's Talis- man. She assists in a silly and dangerous trick against Sir Kenneth, by which lie is lured away from guarding Ihe royal standard. CAL'ISTHENICS. See Gymnastics. CALIVER (from Fr. calibre, calibre, bore; see Caliuric). A matchlock or firearm about midway in size and character between an ar- quebus (q.v.) and a musket, and small enough to be fired without a rest or support. It could be discharged much more rapidly than a musket, but did not do as much execution. It was intro- duced in the Sixteenth Century and received its name from the fact that the bore was of uni- form cnlihre, so tluit the common stock of Imllcls for a company might fit all weapons. CALIXTINES, ka-liks'tinz. A name given ( 1 ) to the conservative wing of the Hussites (q.v.) (from Lat. culix, cup. chalice), because they contended for lay communion in both kinds; (2) to the followers of Georg Calixtus (q.v.) in the latter half of the Seventeenth Century. CALIX'TTJS. -V name borne by three Popes. C.LixTi s 1. liishop of Rome from 219 to 223. He was born a slave. — Calixtus II. Cinido of Vienne. Pope from 1119 to 1124. He was a son of the Count of Burgmidy. He expelled the Anti- Pope Gregory from Rome in 1120, stormed the castle in which he took refuge, and made him a prisoner. He concluded with Henry V. of Ger- many the famous Concordat of Worms (1122), by which tlic long dispute over the (pjestion of investiture (q.v.) was adjusted.— Calixtu-s UI. Alonzo de Rorja or Borgia. Pope from 1455 to 1458. His leading idea was to institute a great crusade against the Turks, in which he failed. CALIXTUS, Geobg ( 1586-rG5fi) . A Cicrman Lutheran theologian. He was born at Jledelbye in Schleswig, and studied at Flensborg and Helmstiidt. After traveling as an earnest stu- dent for four years in (Germany. Holland, Eng- land, and France, where he made thcacquaintanco of the most learned men of his time, lie returned to Helmstiidt in Ifil.S, and in the following year was appointed professor of theology. His genius, the depth of his knowledge, and his large ex- perience of the world and of men, which he had acquired in his travels, developed in him a spirit of great tolerance toward all who held their re- ligious opinions honestly, wliatcver these might be. Although his dissertations on the Holy Scripture, transulistantiatinn. conununion in <uie kind, elc, are acknowledged by learned Catliolics to be the most solid and admirable which have been composed by Protestants against the dis- tinctive doctrines of Catliolicism, lie was, on account of some statements in his work entitled De Prwcipuis I'eligionis Christianw Capitibxis, which seemed favorable to Catholic dogmas, and of others in his Epitome Theologiw Moralis, De 7'olcrantia licformutorum, etc., which ap- proached too near to the Reformed or Calvinis- tic standpoint, declared guilty of abominable heresy by the adherents of the letter of the Concordienformel — i.e. the orthodox and dog- matically rigid Lutherans. Calixtus felt keen- ly that the jiolemical harshness of Lutheran- ism was a serious olistacle in the way of a great Catholic Christianity, and that Protest- antism must assume another form before it could hope to become the religion of Europe. Under this conviction, Calixtus endeavored to show that the oldest and most fundamental arti- cles of the Cliristian faitli — viz. the facts em- bodied in the "Apostles' Creed" — were common to all Christiau sects. In subsequent dissertations, having stated that the doctrine of the Trinity was less distinctly taught in the Old than in the Xew Testament, and that good works were neces- sary to salvation, and rmally, at the religious conference of Thorn in lt)45, whither he was sent as a mediator by the Elector of Brandenburg. hav- ing been on more intimate terms with tlic Calviii- istic than the Lutheran theologians, Calixtus was accused of apostasy. Fortunately, however, he had powerful friends, who stood firmly by him, and through their help he was enabled to retain his professorial chair till his death in Helm- stiidt, on March 19, 1656. For his biography, consult: E. L. W. Henke, Calixt iind seine Zeit (Halle, 1853-56) ; W. C. Dowding. acrman The- ology Dnring ihe Thirty Years' ^yar; and The Life and Correspondence of G. Calixtus (London, 1803). CALKIN, ka'kln. .Jame.s (17SO-1S02). An English organist and coiiqioser, liorn in LoiuUm. He stu<lied under Thomas Lyon and Dr. Crotch ; was organist of the Regent Square Church. Gray's Inn Road, fm- thirty years, and was prominently identified with the Philharmonic Society in its early years, serving for some time as one of the directors. His compositions include a sxmiphony for orchestra, an overture, several string quartets, and numerous pianoforte pieces. CALKING, k;ik'rng duobably OF. caiu/ner, to tread, from Lat. calcare, to tread in, from calx, heel). A process in which oakum is forced into the seams between the jjlanks of a deck or the sides of a wooden ship in order to prevent the entrance of water. After the seams are spread, as much oakum is forced in as possible until they are nearly tilled. They are then payed (i.e. filled up) with pitch, cement, or putty. Special chisel-shaped tools are used in calking, called cnlking-irons, making-irons, raising-irons, and rceming-irons. The edges of iron plates are also made water-tight by calking. In the case of fiush edges or butts the calking-tool com- monly straddles the seam ; but when one plate laps another its edge is driven down by the tool against the under plate. CALL. . term often used in reference to various theological and ecclesiastical subjects. (1) The command i>r invitation to believe in Jesus Christ is designated the call of dad, or the Gospel call. Calvini.stic theologians make a