Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/763

CHINESE WAJLL. 665 CHINOOK. Fourteenth Century. Since the accession of the Manchu Dynasty in 1044, the wall has been al- lowed to fall into decay, except at a few points where it is maintained for customs purposes. The wall is 3;") feet high, 21 feet tliick, and is faced with granite blocks, with towers at frequent in- tervals. Its course is irregular, but chosen with- out regard to natural obstacles. CHINESE WHITE. The white oxide of zinc n.vciul introduced into the art^ under this name, as a "pigment in place of the preparations of white lead. It changes very little either by atmospheric action, or by mixing with other pig- ments; but it has not the body of white lead. It is prepared also for use in water-color painting, and when so employed is known as body color ( q.v. ) . It renders water-colors less transparent when mixed freely with them, but is very useful when sketching on tinted paper, as by its means, quick results and sharp etTeets may be obtained. CHIN-IXY. A bot (Gastrnphilus nasalis), smaller than the horse-bot {(lastrophUus eqiii) , densely hairy and with the thorax rust-colored, troublesome to equine animals in the southern United States. "The eggs are laid on the lips or nostrils within easy reach of the tongue. . . Measures of prevention must consist in prevent- ing as far as possible the deposition of the eggs, for which purpose the application of a little tar and fish-oil to the hairs of the under lip may be of service, and where eggs are suspected the use of a wash of carbolic acid to the lips and the margin of nostril-." See Bot. CHINGACHGOOK. An Indian chief, who plays a prominent part in Cooper's Last of the Mohicans, Pathfinder, Deerslaijer, and Pioneer. CHING-HAI. A fortified seaport in the Chi- nese Province of C'he-Kiang. situated at the mouth of the river Yung, about IS miles from Xing-po (q.v.), of which it is the seaport. It has a citadel and an estimated population of over 140,- 000. It was taken by the British in 1841. CHING-TXI, ching-too'. A Chinese city, capi- tal of the Province of Sze-chuen. situated on the River Min. in the midst of a fertile plain (one of the largest in the empire), and a rich mining region. Famous in Marco Polo's time, it is still one of the richest cities in the empire, with clean streets and canals, carrying on a flourishing trade with the cities of the Yang-tse River Valley. It has telegraphic connection with Hankow. In the arsenal, which has machinery of German and British make, rifles and cartridges of the Mauser pattern are turned out. It has a population of nearly a million. CHINIQTJY, she'ne'ke', Charles P.scal Tei.esptiore (1809-99). A Canadian preacher. He was tjorn at Kamonraska, Province of Quebec, ordained in 183.3 as a Roman Catholic priest, and after having had charge of several parishes, started his successful temperance crusade (1846). In 18.51 he established at Kankakee, 111., an ex- tensive Roman Catholic colony. He became a Presbyterian minister in 18.58. and thenceforth spent much time in public addresses against the Roman Catholic Church, and published a num- ber of works, largely controversial, of which the principal was Fifty Years in the Church of Rome (188fil. CHINKARA, chin-k-i'rA (from Skt. r-hilckfirn, sort of antelope). The Indian gazelle {(ja:clta licnnetti), sometimes improperly called 'ravine- deer.' See Gazelle. CHIN-KIANG-FTT, chen'kyiing'foo'. A city and port in China, nameil Kule-the-River City, because of its former military importance. It is situated at the junction of the Grand Canal, on the right bank of the Vang-tso-kiang, about 150 miles from its mouth. The j^opulation is 140,000. It was opened to commerce by the Treaty of Tien- tsin (1858). Waterwajs connect it with Shan- ghai. It has a bund or river-fronting esplanade, clubliouse, and churches. In 1889 a native mob de- stroyed half the foreign houses. Nearly destroyed by the Tai-ping rebels, who occupied it from 1853 to 1857, it has fully regained its commercial importance. Goat-skins, silk, rice, hides, wool, and fancy products are exported, and opium, cot- ton goods, and sugar are imported. In 1897 the total trade amounted to $17,000,000, and the ton- nage of shipping 3,555,739, of which 2,353,702 was liritish. CHIN'NERY-HAL'DANE, .James Robert Alexander, Lord Bishop of ArgjMl and the Isles. See Argyll and the Isles. CHINON, she'noN' (anciently called Caino, probal)ly connected with Olr. cuiii, OWelsh ccin, beautiful, Gk. (caJxo-flai, kainsthai, to surpass, Alban. si, eye). A town of France in the De- partment of Indreet-Loire, situated on the Vienne, 25 miles southwest of Tours (Map: France, G 4). It has the remains of a huge old castle, the occasional residence of the Plantag- enet kings of England, and also of some of the French sovereigns. It is celebrated as the birth- place of Rabelais, and as the meeting place of Jeanne d'Arc and Charles VII. in 1429, both events being commemorated by monuments. Chi- non has manufactures of druggets, serges, earthen- ware, etc. Population in 1901, of to«Ti, 4183; of coniiiiune, (i033. CHINOOK, chi-nook'. Formerly an impor- tant tribe occupying the country at the mouth of the Columbia River, on the north bank, in Wash- ington. They were venturesome fishermen and enterprising traders, traveling long distances up tlie river and along the coast in great canoes hewn from immense cedar trunks. They lived in houses made from gedar boards, flattened the head, owned slaves, and practiced the potlateh (q.v.). Cognate tribes held both banks of the Columbia as far up as the Dalles. The tribe has dwindled to extinction, but its language forms the l)asis of the noted Chinook jargon (q.v.). CHINOOK. A term applied by the early settlers of the Northwest Territory and in me- teorological literature to a strong warm and dry south or west wind descending the eastern slo])es of the Rockj- Mountains into Montana and Wyo- ming, evaporating or melting the snow and bring- ing great relief in cold weather. The name was probably given to it because the wind occurred in, or blew from, the territory occupied by the Chinook Indians. It was at first supposed by the settlers to be a branch of the warm south- west wind of the Pacific Ocean that had crossed over the Rocky Mountain range ; indeed, the moist southwest winds on the coasts of Oregon and Washington have also been called ehinook winds. It is a mistake to think that the Montana Chinook originates over the warm waters of the Pacific; it is essentially a descending wind and owes its temperature and dryness to this fact;