Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/764

CHINOOK. 66G CHIOS. it belongs to the same class as the FiJhii winds of Switzerland. Several ver' dill'erent combinations of conditions may cause descending winds, but in any case descending air by coming under greater pressure must be compressed and therefore warmed up at the rate of about 1° Fahrenheit for each 183 feet of descenl, or 1° Centigrade per 100 meters. Tlierefore a fall of ooOO feet, such as is very common in llowing over the Kockies, will raise the temperature of the air by 30° Fahr- enheit, and as this warmth is very slowly lost, the warm air spreads over a wide extent of grouml. The hot winds of Kansas and Iowa un- doubtedly also owe their high temperatures to the fact that the air is descending rapidly. As no moisture is added to the mass of descending air, the Fiihn winds of Switzerland, the cliinooks of Montana, and especially the hot winds of Kansas are extremely dry. and evaporate and absorb any snow or moisture at the surface of the ground. The proper ex])lanation of cliinooks was lirst given by G. M. Dawsim, 1S79-1880, but the most important early paper on tlie subject was l)y Professor Mark V. Harrington of the University of Michigan, in the American Meteoro- loijiriil Journul, Vol. III. (Ann Arbor, 1887). CHINOOK JARGON. An important trade jargon constituting tlie chief medium of inter- conununication among all the tribes of the Pacific Coast from northern California far up into Alas- ka, and throughout the Columbia region. Owing to its great iiscfulness over a wide area, con- siderable attention has been given to it by traders and missionaries, despite its mongrel and skele- ton character. According to an analysis of 500 words, two-fifths arc of Chinook origin, two-fifths from other Indian languages and Canadian French, and one-fifth from the English, all, however, l>eing softened a!id modified to suit the phonetics deficiencies of those using the jargon. Consult: liale. Manual of Oregon Trade Lan- guage (London. 1800); Gill, Dictionary of Chi- nook Jargon (Portland, Ore.. 1891) ; Boas, "Chi- nook Texts," in Smithnonian Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1804) : Pilling, "Bibliography of Chinook Languages," in l^inilhsonian Bureau of Ethnulogg (Washington. 189."?). CHINOOK SAXMON.^ The common and most valuable salmon of the Pacific Coast. See QriNNAT Salmon and S.vl.mon. CHINS. A general name applied to certain peoples of a more or less primitive type inh.abit- ing the mountains of Assam, Arakan. the Burmo- Chinese frontier, etc., known variously as Chins. Kakhyens, Khyens. Katchins, orSinghpos. Physi- cally they are now somewhat mixed withtheother peoples of this area. Karens. Burmese, and Shans, with perhaps a later Hindu and an earlier Dra- vidian strain, the whole resting upon a ^Mongoloid (Sinitic) basis. Some of the Chins are very warlike, and great hunters. By langiuige they seem to belong in the Tibeto-Chinese stock, being nearest related to the Burmese. Besides the gen- eral works on Assam. Burma, etc., the literature relating to the Chins includes Anderson. Manda- lay and Moiuien (London, 1870). anil Reid, Chin- Lushai Land (London, 1803). The Chins of Dardistan belong to another race altogether, and spi-ak .Tn Arvan tongue. CHINSXJRA, chin-son'ra. A former town in Bengal, liritisli India, on the right bank of the Hugli, 20 miles above Calcutta, now incorporated with Hugli (q.v.) (Map: India, E 4). Cliinsura was originally the chief Dutch settlement in Ben- gal, and was established in 1050. It was ceded in 182-1 to the British, together with other places on the mainland, in exchange for the Eng- lish possessions in the island of Sumatra. CHINTRETJIL. shaN'tre'y', Antoixe (1S16- 7.'il. A l-rcmh painter, born at Pont-de-Vaux (Ain). His landscapes have assured him a po- sition among modern artists. Somewhat in the manner of Corot he painted '"EfTet de cr^puscule" (1848), "La mare au.x pommiers" (1850), "Apr&s la pluie," '■Pluie et soleil," and "Maree basse,"' his best picture. CHINTZ (Hind. eint. cit. Beng. cit. chintz, from Skt. ehiira, spotted, variegated). A higlily glazed printed calico, with a pattern in many colors on a white or light-colored groimd. It is chiefly used for bed-hangings, for coering . furniture, and other purposes where gay colors are desired, and where there is much exposure to dust, which does not adhere to its highly calendered surface. See Cretonxe. CHIO, ke'i'i. See Chios. CHIOGGIA, ky(Vja. or CHIOZZA, -dz:i (med- iaval fVi/f/ia. from Lat. Fo.ssn Vlodia). An episco- pal city and fortified seaport of Italy, 18 miles south of Venice (to which there are frequent daily ste:imboats) . and 03 miles by rail soutli- east of Padua (Maj): Italy, G 2). It is built on piles, is surrounded by the Lombardo Ship Canal, is cut in two by the Vena Canal, which is crossed by nine bridges, and is connected with the main- land by a stone bridge nearly 800 feet long, with 43 arches. The cathedral dates from 1G33. the Board of Trade building from 1322. The inhabi- tiints have always l)eeu distinguished by quaint customs, costumes, and dialect, and the fisheries have long been important. The other princii)al industries are (lax-spinning, ship-building. ;ind the manufacture of sails, bricks, candles, and lace. The rivalry of Genoa and Venice was de- cided here. December 23, 1379, by the vietoiy of the Venetian fleet. Population, in 1881 (com- miuie), 28.000; in 1901, 30..'5»>3. CHION, kl'on ( Lat, from Ok. Xluy) . A na- tive of Hcraclea, on the Euxine Sea. son of Matris and pupil of Plato. In conjunction with Ijeonides and others, he tried, in B.C. 352, to lib- erate his native city frcmi the t.vranny of Clear- chus. Clearchus was killed, but his brother, SatTUs. brought about the death of Chion. and reasserted the tyranny. There are extant seven- teen letters, which purport to have been written by Chiiin. Iiul are s])urious. CHIONIDES, ki-on'i-dez (from Ok. XioMris). A Greek comic poet, whose representations date from B.C. 487. He is called the earliest writer of the old Athenian comedy, in that he was the first to impart to it that spirit of censorious criticism, whether of morals, jxilitics. or literary taste, which distinguished it down to the time of Artaphernes. The extant fniginents of his works have Ix^en edited in Mcineke. Fragmenta Comieorum (Irwroruni (Paris, 1839-57), and Kock, Comicorunt Atticorum Fragmenta, Vol. I., 4-7 (Leipzig, 1880-84). CHIOS, ki'os (Gk. Xlot, X&t, Kios, Turk. f<agis addseh : Srio in the (!cnoese form). A Turkish island seven miles ofT the west coast of Asia Minor, and about 50 mik^ in a direct line