Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/765

CHIOS. G67 CHIPPENDALE. west of Siuyrnn. Its lengtli from north to south is 32 mik's; its greatest breadth is 18: area,al)out 400 square miles. Chios is eonsequeutly one of the largest isluiiils in the .l^<;:ean Sea. and is, or was, until the terrible cartlmuake of ISSl, one of the most produetive and beautiful, the name having funiished in ancient times a sjnionyni for wealtli and prntligaoy. The surface is largely occupied by chalky limestone mountains, which in the north reach an altitude of 4080 feet in Mount Oros. Along the centre of the east coast lies the most extensive plain, around the capital, Chios. It is a rich and picturesque district, abounding in vines and orange, lemon, and almond trees, and embellished with villas. The climate is dry, especially in summer, and delight- ful. The wine of Chios, famous in anti(|uily, is still of some repute. Oil, cotton, and the usual fruits of that latitude are produced, and in the southwestern part a well-known variety of mastic. C^heese, silk, wool, and silk and woolen stuffs, as well as grain, cattle, salt, and jireserved fruit.s, figure prominently among the products. The leading export articles are leather ($3,120,000 in 1899), mastic, fruits, and distilled spirits. The leading import are hides (.$1,920,000 in 1899) and grain (.«720,000). Chios belongs to the Turkish vilayet Dschesairi-Bahri-Sefid, and has a population of 59,G0O, mostly Greeks. The population of the capital was 13,000 before the disaster of 1881. The city has an Aga, a bishop of the Greek Church, and is, with its new haven, protected by a fortress. In 1899, 1299 ships of 689,683 tons entered here. In early times the island was colonized by the lonians, and remained an independent and pow- erful State till B.C. .54(5, when it was subdued by the Persians. It took part in the Ionian re- volt, and contributed 100 vessels to the Greek naval force which was defeated at the battle of Lade (B.C. 494). From that time until B.C. 479 it was again subject to the Persians, but in the latter year it was freed from the Persian yoke, and became in B.C. 477 an independent member of the Delian Confederacy. In B.C. 415 it took part in the Sicilian expedition with fifty ships. The island remained on its original footing of autonomous ally of Athens, retaining its armed force, its ships, and its fortifications, until B.C. 412, when it attempted to revolt — an attempt which led in the end to its conquest and devasta- tion. In more recent times the island has changed hands repeatedly, and has experienced many vicissitudes of fortune. In 1089 it was devastat- ed by the Turks under Tzachas. In 1172 it was in the possession of the Doge of Venice, Vital Jlichieli, In 1346 it fell into the hands of Uie CJcnoese. and in 1566 it was taken by the Turks, in whose hands it has since, except for a short interval (1694-95), remained. It was conferred as private property upon the Sultana, enjoyed her protection, and consequently prospered. In 1822 a number of the Sciotes having joined the Samians in a revolt against Turkey, the island was attacked by a Turkish fleet and army, and the inhabitants were mercilessly .slaughtered or sold as slaves. The town and island were laid waste. The island has since recovered, however, and is now in a prosperous condition. In re- cent years the island ha-s suffered from earth- quakes, notably in March, 1881, when much property was destroyed and many people lost their lives. ?OL. IV.— 43. CHIP'MAN, Xathaxikl (17.52-1843). An American jurist and politician. He was born in Salisbury, Conn.; graduated at Vale in 1777; served as a lieutenant in the Revolutionary .rmy, and was present at the battles oi White Plains and Mt)nmouth. He was adnitted to the bar in 1779, and began practice in Vermont, where he became Chief Justice of the State court in 1789, In 1791 he was a mcmlx'r of the conven- tion called to decide whether Vermont should join the Union, and was one of the connnission- ers to arrange for the State's admission. Wash- ington appointed him judge of the United States Court for the district of Venuont. In 1797 he was chosen United States Senator, and in 1813 was again elected Chief -lustice of the State. He was afterwards, for twenty-seven years, profes- sor of law in Middlebury College. He published I'riinijilcfi of (lovcrnment : A Treatise on Free Iiixtitiitions (1833), and other works of a simi- lar cliaracter. CHIPMAN, Ward (1787-1851). A Canadian jurist, born in Saint John, Xew Brunswick. He was educated there and at Harvard, and was ajipointed Crown agent for determining the north- west angle of Xova Scotia. He was also suc- cessively Advocate-General, clerk of the circuits, and Solicitor-General. In 1825 he was appointed puisne judge of the Supreme Court, and in 1834 became Chief .lustice'. He was, besides, president of the Legislative Council and Speaker of the Assembly. CHIPMUNK (X. Amer. Indian, probably originally imitative). An American ground- squirrel of the genus Tamias, which forms a connecting link between the arboreal squirrels proper and the sperniophiles. It is a small animal, about 6 inches long, with a slender four- inch tail. The color is reddish brown or gray, with black and white stripes on the back. The chipmunk (Tamias striatus) is one of the com- monest and most pleasantly familiar animals in eastern North America, living in stone walls and stumps. It is almost always to be found along old fences and hedgerows, especially near woods, and lives in a burrow, wherein it stores for winter use large quantities of small nuts, acorns, etc., and where it remains in a snug nest until spring, frequently appearing, however, on the varmer days. Other species occur in the central an<l western United States, of which the 'four- lined' is extremely numerous and active through- out the whole Rocky ilountain region. (See Plate of Squirrels.) For systematic review of the gemis, consult J. A. Allen, American Sluseum of atural History Bulletin, Vol. III. (New York, 1890). CHIPPAWA, chlp'a-wii. A village and port of entry in Ontario, Canada, at the junction of the Chippawa with the Niagara River. 2 miles above the great falls (Map: Ontario, D 4). An electric railway running from (Jueenston, past the falls, terminates at Chippawa. Here Major- Gen, .loseph Brown, July 5, 1814, with 1900 .Americans, of whom 68 were killed and 267 wounded, defeated the English under Major- General Rial, who had 2100 men, of whom 138 were killed and 365 wotmdcd. Population, 500. CHIP'PENDALE, Thomas. A well-k-nown English c:ibinct-maker of the Eighteenth Cen- tury. Little is known of his life, except that he was active in his trade about 1760. He marked-