Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/772

CHIVILCOT. 674 CHIiOE. are engaged chiefly in the manufacture of brandy, ironware, and machinery. Population, 15,000. CHTVOT, sh6'v6', Henri ( 1830— ) . A French writer of vaudevilles, lie was born in Paris, where he brought out a large nunil)er of very successful vaudevilles, light comedies, and oper- ettas, most of which were written in collabora- tion with Alfred Duru (died 1889). Among these may be mentioned: Le soldat malyrc lui, operetta in two acts, music by il. F. Barbier (1868); Les cent viergex, operetta in three acts, music by M. Lecocq (187-2), libretto writ- ten in collaboration with Clairville: Le pompon, music by M. Lecocq (1870) ; Madame I'avart, operetta" in three acts, music by J. Offenbach (1870), of which 200 performances -were given in Paris; La mascotte. comic opera, in three acts, music by Audran (1881) ; La cigale et la fourmi, music by Audran (1886). CHLADNI, kliid'ne, Ebnst Flokexs Fbied- Kicii (1750-1827). A German physicist. He was born in AVittenberg, and studied law there and in Leipzig. He ultimately al)andoned the legal profession in order to devote himself to physical science, and, being acquainted with music, was led to obser-e that the laws of sound were by no means so well established as those of other branches of physics. He therefore began to apply his knowledge of mathematics and physics to acoustics, and traveled for ten years (after 1802) through Germany, Holland, France, Italy, Russia, and Denmark, giving a series of successful lectures on the subject. He discovered the longitudinal vibration of strings and rods, and also produced the experiments since known by his name (see Cni-ADXi Figire."?), where the vibration of a plate is studied by means of sand figures. Using organ-pipes, he was able to deter- mine the velocity of sound in gases other than air, and, in addition, was the inventor of many pieces of acoustic apparatus. Chladni's writ- ings include Enldeckvngen iiber die Theorie dcs Klanges (1787): Akimtik (1802); Xeue Beilraye zur Alciistik (1817) ; lieitrdge ^ur prak- tinchen Akustik und zur Lehre low Instrumen- ienbau (1822). Chladni also wrote several es- says on meteoric stones. Consult: Bernhardt, Dr. Ernst Chladni der Akufiliker (Wittenberg, lSi)()) ; Mclde. Chlndnis Leben und Wirken (Mar- burg, 1888) ; Kohlschiitter. Enist Florens Fried- rich Cliliiibu -(Hamburg, 1897), CHLADNI FIGURES. Figures produced by sand on a vibrating plate, forming designs more or less comjilex, and depending upon the vibra- tions of (he plate. This important experiment is due to Chladni (q.v.), and illustrates the formation of nodes and segments in a vibrat- ing plate. The plate used in the experiment may be either metal or glass, and in shape may be a disk, a square, or any other form whose ^^brations it is desired to study. The plate is clamped to a stand at its centre, and its edge is rul>bed with a violin bow and set into vibra- tion. The point where the plate is clamped will of course be a point of rest or node, while the part of the i)late in contact with the bow exe- cutes the maxinuim vibration and will be a ventral segment. 'hen sand is strewn on the plate it will take a position along tlie nodes, being forced away from the points of vibrations to positions of rest. The figures formed by the sand take various forms, and indicate the vibra- tion of the plate. A few of these figures, to. gether with a plate clamped in position, are shown in the illustrations. The Chladni figures no. 1. CLA.MP ASP rl.ATE FOR CHLADXI EXPERIMENT. will be found descrilied in most of the treatises on physics, among which Miiller, Lehrhueh der I'hysiic viid Meteorologie (Oth ed., by Pfaundler, FIG. -. CHL.ADM FltiUIlKM. Brunswick, 1886), originally an adaptation of Pouillet, Eldmentn de physique, may be recom- mended. CHXAMTDOSATJRUS, klam'I-dfi-sa'n-is. See FHII.I.KII LlZAKI). CHLA'MYS n.at., from Gk. x^imm). -^ form of cloak worn among the (Jreeks by huntsmen and horsemen, and the special garment of the Athenian ephebi. It was straight on one edge, but circular on the other, with two long side pieces, from which it was sometimes called the 'Thessalian wings.' It was clasped over one shoulder or the breast. As the regular dress of the cavalry it appears in a manifold variety of adjustments on the frieze of the Partheiirin. It was not a woman's garment. The material was usually wool, and it seems often to have been of bright colors. CHLOE, klo'f (Lat., from Gk. xXi>), blooming, verdant). A pretty, sportive shepherdess in the Greek romance Dnphnis and Chloe. She has become the stock idvllic heroine. The name