Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/773

CHLOE. 075 CHLORIMETRY. and character appear in Sidney's .Ircadia, in Fletcher's Faithful Ulieplicrdcss, in Prior's poems, and elsewhere. There is also a Chloe in Jonson's I'oclaslii; althou<;h in this case her personality can hardly be described as bucolic. CHLOPICKI, Klipits'ki. .lozw (1771-1854). A Polish general and dictator of Poland during the Revolution of 1830-31. lie was born in tialicia, entered the army in 1787, and fought gallantly in the war for iudeiiendence under Kos- eius/.ko. After the surrender of Warsaw to the Kussians, Xoveiuber 8, 1704. Chlopicki went to France, and joined the amiy of the Cisalpine Republic, under tieneral Dombrowski. In 1800, when Dombrowski and Wybicki called the Poles to arms, under the protection of Xai)oleon, Chlo- picki returned to his country, and fought gal- lantly at Eylau and Friedland (1S07). From 1808 to 1811 he took part in the Spanish cam- paign. In 1812 he followed Napoleon to Rus- sia, taking part in tlic bloody engagements at Smolensk and on the Jloskva. After the remnants of the invading force had returned, Chlopicki left the Imperial .sei^ice, on account of certain slights. After the taking of Paris by the Allies in 1814, Emperor Alexander made him a general of di- vision in the new Polish Army, but he soon re- signed, owing to the violent temper of the com- mander-in-chief, the Grand Duke Constantine. W hen the insurrection of the Poles broke out in 1830. Chlopicki, who foresaw the hopeless nature of the attempt, reluctantly obeyed the voice of the nation, which had conferred u])on him the dignity of dictator (December o). His moderate views and hesitating policy involved him in disputes with the patriot party, and on January 23, 1831, he resigned his oHice ; Imt to prove his sincerity, he entered the Polish Amiy as a private soldier, and look part as such in the battles of Waver and Grochow. After the suppression of the insur- rection, Chlopicki went to Cracow, and withdrew altogether from public life. CHLO'BAL (from Gk. x^wpi^s. chloros, green- lih-yellow), CCljCIIO. A colorless oily liquid extensively used in medicine, in the form of its hvdrate. It has a peculiar irritating smell, and boils at 97° C. Its specific gravity at 20° C. is 1.512. It is made on a large scale b}' the pro- longed action of chlorine on ordinary alcohol ; this yields first chloral alcoholate. which is then transfomied into chloral by distilling with strong sulphuric acid at temperatures slightly below 100° C. Wlien mixed with an equivalent quantity of water, chloral forms the hydrate CCljClUOII),. which no longer contains the aldehyde group, CHO, contained in chloral. Chloral hydrate is a colorless crystalline sub- stance freely soluble in water and melting at 57° C. When distilled with sulphuric acid, it is retransformed into chloral. Alkalies trans- form chloral or its hydrate into chloroform. Chloral is a powerful antiseptic, and. if taken internally, acts as a powerful general depressant, especially depressing the heart and causing a slow, feeble, irregular pulse. Tt acts directly on the brain, and, if administered in medicinal doses, produces sle<'p which is refreshing and does not seem to differ in any way from natural sleep. Frequent administration of chloral is, however, liable to cause what is known as chronic chloral poisoning, and may permanently affect the mind. In cases of poisoning from an overdose of chloral, sleep .should be prevented by all means, a strong colTee solution should be injected into the rectum, etc. Chloral is often administered in tetanus, whooping-cough, incon- tinence of urine, and other diseases. The medi- cinal dose of chloral hydrate is from 5 to 20 grains. Chloral was discovered by Liebig in 1832, and Liebrcich, in 180!), was the first to use it as an ana'sthelic and In-pnotic. Chloralamide and chluralimidc are chemically allied to chloral; these substances were recently introduced in medicine as substitutes for chloral. CHLORAL HY'DRATE. See Ciilohal. CHLO'RALAM'IDE, and CHLC'RAIilM'- IDE. SubsUnues used in medicine as substi- tutes for chlciral (((.v.). CHLORAS'TROLITE ( from Gk. jrXwpis, chlo- ros. grecnisli-yellow -f darpov. axirnn, star + l9ot, lithox, stone). A green, opaque, usually mottled and stellated variety of prehnite or thouisonite, that is found in amygdaloid trap- rock on the He Royale, Lake Superior. The mineral generally occurs in the form of rolled l)ebble3 on the beach, and takes a high polish, in consequence of which specimens are cut as gems and sold to tourists. CHLOREN'CHYMA (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. xXwf"5s, chlOros, greenish-yellow + tyxviia, en- chyiiiii, injection, from iyxety. eiichcin, to pour in, from iv, en, in + x"' chciii, to pour). A col- lective name for the tissues which bear chloro- phyll (q.v. ), the characteristic gi'cen pigment of plants. See Leaf. CHLO'RIC ACID (from Gk. xXwpis, c/i/6ros, greenish-yellow I , HCKh. A colorless liquid with a pungent odor, prepared by decomposing ba- rium chlorate with dilute sulphuric acid. It rapidly bleaches vegetable colors, and gives up its oxygen to organic bodies so rapidly that they take fire. With the metals chloric acid forms a series of salts called chlorates. The most im- portant of these is potassium chlorate, a while crystalline compound made on a large scale by passing chlorine gas into a hot solution of lime and adding potassium chloride. Potassitim chlorate then separates out in the form of a mass of crystals, and may be purified by recrys- tallization from water. Potassium chlorate is largely used as a source of oxygen gas. It also finds application in calico-printing, in the manu- facture of safety matches, in the production of fireworks, and as a detonator. Finally, it is em- ployed medicinally in throat troubles, and it is especially valuable in the treatment of ulcera- tive stomatitis. CHLO'RIC ETHER. . name formerly given to chloride of <'thylem'. or Dutch Uquid. C.H.CK, The name is now ajiplied to spirits of chloro- form, a mixture containing (i per cent, of chloro- form and 04 i)er cent, of alcohol ; spirit of chloro- form is often used in medicine as a flavoring agent. CHLO'RIDES. See Hydrochi-oric Acid. CHLORIM'ETRY, or CHLOROM'ETRY (fii'iii I'k. xupb%. ilddriis. greenish yellow -j- fiiTpoy, mrtriiii. measure |. The process of esti- mating the amoimt of chlorine in hypochlorites, as bleaching-powdcr. The process ilepends upon the oxidizing power of chlorine. The laboratory methods tistially employed consist in determin- imr the amount of bleaching-powdcr require<l in order to convert a known amount of arseni-