Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/80

CALUMBA. 58 CALVERLEY. when touched with tinetiire of iodine, as in true caluniba-root is produced by the jiresence of starch. See Fraskka. CAL'UMET. A village in Michigan. See I-AIKIIM. CALUMET (Fr., Late Lat. calomellus, dim. of Lat. calamus, reed). The popular name for the Indian ceremonial pipe. The Indians had pil)es of various shapes and sizes, made of clay, stone, or bone, but the ceremonial pijie was usu- ally of large size, in the Kast and Southeast of white stone, and in the West of the red catlinite from the noted pipestone-qviarry in Jlinnesota. The stem was made long, of wood or reed orna- mented with feathers and porcupine quill-worlc. In the East the white pipe was sometimes made with from four to seven stem-holes around the bowl, so that as many persons might smoke at the same time. Native tobacco, mixed with wil- low-l)ark or sumac-leaves, was used. Although fre<iuent!y referred to as the 'peace pipe." the ceremonial pipe was in fact used in the ratifica- tion of all solemn engagements, both of war and of peace. CALXJMPIT, ka'l<3om-pet'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Bulacnn. It is situated on the Kiver Pampanga and is connected by rail with Manila. Population, in 1898, 15,000. CALVADOS, kal'va'dos' (from Calvados, cor- ruption of Haliador, the name of a vessel of the Great Armada, which was wrecked here). A northern nuiritime de]>artment of France, bound- ed north by the English Channel, and cast and west and south bv the dei)artmcnts of Eure, Mancbe, andOrne (jIap: France, F 2). It is the most historical .section of the old Province of Xormandy. The principal rivers are the Orne, Dronnue, and Yhc The coast is partly formed by bold ridges, clilTs, and reefs. The soil of the department is generally fertile, sui)])lying rich pasturage for cattle, sheep, and horses, which, with swine, constitute the principal wealth of Calvados. The climate is healthful, though changeable. Iron, marble, slate, and coal are found. Area, 2132 scpiare miles. Pojuilatiou. in ISyCi. 414.(;(!9; in 1001, 407,039. fapitMl. Caen. CALVAERT, kiil'viirt, or CALUWAERT, Dio.NY.su'.s (c.lo40-l(119), . Flcmi>li lii^lcuical and landsca]ie painter (called in Italy DioxLSio FiAM.Mi.NCio, •llic Fleming"). He was born in Antwerp, and was registered as an art pupil there in L'SoO; but he soon went to Italy and studied under Prospero Fontana, and later under Sabbatini, assisting the latter in the Vatican. About 1574 he opened a school in Bologna, and had among his students the celebrated Donicni- chino, (iuido Reni, and Albani, iJany excellent pictures by him are still px-eserved in Bologna, where he died. CALVARY. In Roman Catholic countries, a npreseniation of the various scenes of the passion and crucifixion of our Lord, either in a chapel, or external to the church, as at Saint Jacques in Antwerp. It consists of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, usually as large as life, surrounded by a number of figures, representing the various personages who took part in the crucifixion. At .Vix-la-Chapcllc, the calvary is a church on the top of a hill, sur- rounded by twelve sculptured stones, each mark- ing an event which took i)lace on the journey of the Saviour to Jbnint Calvary, The ap])roacli to the calvary is called the ^'ia Dolorosa, each of the stones marking what is called .a station (see Stations), at which the pious say a [uayer in passing. CALVARY. An oratorio brought out at the Norwicli festival in England in 1839. It was a translation of Des Ueihinds lct:lc Sliunlan (Cas- sel, 1835) by Spohr, who personally conducted the production. CALVE, k.il'va', Emma, stage name of Emma DE RoQlEH ( 1SI!4— ) . A French dramatic soprano. She was born in Madrid of a Spanish father and a French mother, and was brought u]) in a con- vent school in the Department of .veyron. south- ern France. She studied under Rosinc Laborde, and made her debut in Faunl.ut the La Monnaie, Brussels (18S2). Though praised, she showed no trace of her now admired fiery temperament. She overexerted her voice, and, on (ievaert's advice, went to Marchesi, reai)pcaring (in 1.884) in Du- bois's Aboi llamrt at the Thcfltre des Italiens, then directed by Maurel. Since then she has sung at the Opera Conii<]ue, at the Grand Gpcra. in England, Italy, Spain, Russia, and the I'nited States, making her d^but in New York on Xoveni- ber 29, 1893. She has sung in David's Lalhi Rookh, yo::zc di Figaro (Countess and Cheru- bino), Magic Flute (Pamina), Widor's Mail re Ambrose, Pccheurs de Perles, Carmen, Hamlet, Cavalleria Riistieana, Faust, Mefistofele, I'ag- liacri, I.'Amico Frit:. Besides, she created the leading parts in .loncifres's Chevalier Jean (188.5): Samara's Flora Miralilis (1880): De Lara's Mefsaline (1900) : Massenet's Xavarraise (1805) : and .s'op/io (1897), the last two written especially for her. She was ready to sing Elsa in French, when the OpCra Coniique burned down (1887). Calv6's voice is a rich soprano sfogato of 214 octaves from g below the staff to a high c. per- fectly even tliroughout. with a contralto-like low register. Ilcr cNtraordinarv dramatic powers have gained lor her the tith' of the "Singing Duse.' Her dazzling success as Carmen and Santuzza has led many to believe that she is mediocre as a singer pure and simple, with a small repertoire; but her technical virtuosity in Ophelia alone would ])lace her among the greatest singers the world lias knowii. CALVERLEY, kal'vOr-lt. The principal char- acter in the pseudo-Sliakespearian yorkshire Tragedy. He is a dissolute fellow impoverished bv gaming, whose maltreatment of his wife and