Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/823

CHRYSOSTOM. 723 CHRZANOW. teacher; but, feeling failed to give up worldly pursuits, he abandoned legal for biblical study. About 30S he was baptized and was ordained a reader. Ue practiced the strictest asceticism while still living at home, and on his mother's death, about 375, he retired to the desert around Antioch. After si.x years the ascetic severity of his life and studies brought on an illness which forced him to return to Antioch. where he was ordained deacon by Bishop Mdetius in 3S1, and presbyter by Bishop Flavianus in 38G. The elo- quence, earnestness, and practical tone of his preaching excited the attention of Jews, heathens, and heretics, and secured for him the reputation of the chief orator of the Eastern Church. In 398 the eiuiuch Eutropius, minister of the Emperor Arcadius, who had been struck by the bold and brilliant preaching of Chrysostom, elevated him to the episcopate of Constantinople. Chrysostom immediately began to restrict the episcopal ex- jienditure in which his predecessors had indulged, and bestowed so large a portion of his revenues on hospitals and other charities that he gained the surname of 'John the Almoner.' He also endeavored to reform the lives of the clergj', and sent missionaries into Scythia, Persia, Pales- tine, and other lands. His faithful discharge of his duties, especially in reproof of vices, excited the enmity of the Patriarch of Alexandria, of Tlie- ophilus, and of the Enipress Eudoxia, who suc- ceeded in deposing and banishing him from the capital (403). He was soon recalled, to be banished again shortly afterwards (404). He was taken during July and August to Nicsea, now Isnik, in Asia Minor, the place where the famous Xicene Council was held, and there, to his great disappointment, he learned that his place of ban- ishment was to be Cucusus, a little town in the Armenian highlands, now called Gozene. It was a weary journey, but he finally arrived there. The Bishop of Cucusus received him kindly and the climate agreed with him. So his zeal was not abated. He labored for the conversion of the peoples in the neighborhood, and wrote the seven- teen letters (or rather moral essays) to Olym- pias, to whom he also addressed a treatise on the proposition. "Xone can hurt the man who will not hurt himself." The Emperor, enraged by the general sT!ipathy expressed toward Chrysostom by all true Christians, gave orders that he should be banished to the remote Pityus. on the north- east coast of the Black Sea at the foot of the Caucasus, a most desolate spot, and involving a journey of hundreds of miles on foot. It was at the very verge of the Eastern Roman Empire. The march was begim and for three months kept up. but when he reached the chapel of the martyr Basiliscus, about six miles from Comana, in Pontus, he could go no farther, and there died, September 14, 407. blessing (iod with his dying lips. The news of his death excited much sor- row among all pious Christians, for Chrysos- tom was a man who drew the hearts of his fel- lows after him ; a lovable, manly Christian, hating lies, worldliness. hypocrisy, and all man- ner of untruthfulness, with that honest warmth of temper which all vigorous people relish. A sect sprang up after his death, or martyrdom as they conceived it. called Johannists. who refused to acknowledge his successors; nor did they re- turn to the general communion till 438. when the -Archbishop Proclus prevailed on the Emperor Theodosius II. to bring back the body of the saint to Constantinople, where it was solemnly in- terred, the EmiKTor himself publicly imploring the pardon of heaven for the crime of his parents, Arcadius and Eudoxia. The Creek Church cele- brates the festival of Chrysostom on November 13; the Roman, on January 27. In his Homilies (Thomas Aquinas said he would not give those on Saint Matthew in exchange for the whole city of Paris) Chrysostom displays superior powers of exegesis. In general, he rejects the allegorical system of interpretation, and adheres to the grammatical, basing his doctrines and sen- timents on a rational apprehension of the letter of Scripture. He is, however, far from being a bibliolater. He recognized the presence of a hu- man element in the Bible as well as a divine; and instead of attempting, by forced and artificial hypotlieses, to reccmcile what he thought irrecon- cilable in Scripture statements, he frankly ad- mitted the existence of contradictions, and shaped his theory of inspiration accordingly. But his greatest and noblest excellence lay in that power, springing from the fervor and holiness of his heart, by which the consciences of the proud, the worldly, and the profligate were awakened, and all were made to feel the reality of the (lospel message. The surname 'Chrj'sostom' was first applied some time after his death, and, as it is supposed, by the Sixth Ecumenical Cotmcil in 080. Chrysostom's works are very numerous, and consist of, 1st, Uomilies, on parts of Scrip- ture and points of doctrine; 2d, Commentaries, on the whole Bible (part of which has perished) ; 3d, Epistles, addressed to various people ; 4th, Treatises, on different subjects (such as Provi- dence, the Priesthood, etc.) ; and 5th, Liturgies. Of these the most valuable, as well as the most studied, are the Horn Hies, which are held to be superior to everj'thing else of the kind in ancient Christian literature. The most correct Greek edition of Chrysostom's works is that by Henry Savil (8 vols., Eton, 1G13); and the most complete Greek and Latin edition is that by Montfaugon ( 13 vols.. Paris, 1718-38; republished in 1834-40). There is an English translation in the first scries of the Aiociie and Post-Xicenc Fathers (London and New York, 1880-90). For his biosraphv. consult: V. R. V. Stephens (3d ed., London, 1883) ; R. W. Bush (London. 1885); F. H. Chase (London. 1887); A. Puech (2d ed., Paris, 1900); G. Marshal (Paris, 1898). CHRYSOSTOME, kris'os-tom. An aged student in Cervantes's Don Quixote. He dies of a broken hciirt. CHRYS'OTYPE (from Gk. x/'wiruTrot, chri/- soti/pos, wrought of gold, from xi""'^'% rliri/sos, gold + TiJiros, typos, impression). A photoyra- jdiic process invented by Sir John llerschel. wiiich (lej)ends on the reduction of a ferric salt to a ferrous salt by the action of light, and the sub- sequent precipitation of metallic gold cm the ferrous salt. The process is now hardly ever used. CHRZANOW, Kzhii'nov. A town in the Austrian Crownland of Galicia. 27 miles west- northwest of Cracow, the centre of an important mineral region. Lead, zinc, coal, and cadmium are mined. There is considerable trade in agri- cultural products. Population, in 1900, 10.200, mostly Poles.