Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/824

CHRZANOWSKI. 724 CHXJ-HI. CHRZANOWSKI, Kzliinov'sk^, Adalbert < 178S-lStJl I . A rulish general, who participated in Napoleon's Kussian oanipaigii and in the battles of Leipzig, Paris, and Vaterloo. After Napoleon's final defeat he served in the national arniv of Poland, and was under Diebitseli in Turkey in 1S2S-29. In the Polish Revolution of IS.iO iie served with distinction under the Pro- visional Covernnient, rose to the rank of general of division, and in 1S31 was made Governor of Warsaw, lie was suspected of being friendly to the Russians, and was for a long time under a sort of ostracism. In 1849 he was chosen by Charles Albert comnumder-in-chief of the Sar- dinian forces in his second war against Austria. Raniorino and Chrzanowski were charged with treachery, and the former was put to death. Chrzanowski lived for a number of years in Louisiana. liU died in Paris. CHTHONIAN (thOnl-dn) GODS. In Greek mythologTi-, the deities connected with the govern- ment of the lower world, as Hades, Persephone, Dcmeter, and Hermes. CHTJB (variant of cub). A fish {Leuciscus cejihalus) of the family Cyprinidae, bluish-black on the upper parts, passing Into silvery white beneath, with the cheeks and gill-covers golden- ^cUow. The chub is plentiful in many rivers of lingland and Continental Europe, rarely reaches a weight of 5 pounds, spawns in April and ilay. and affords sport to anglers. In the United States the name is applied to several species of this familv, most familiarly to the horned dace (see Dace). The river-chub (Hybopsis Kcittuckieiisis) measires 9 inches, and is found on both sides of the Alleghanies. The chub of the Columbia River is Mylvchilus caiiriitus, 12 inches long. See Plates of Cabp axd Allies; and of Dace and Tilixxows. CHUB-MACKEREL. A mackerel (Scomber colids) , widely ili~tri!)uted throughout both oceans in temperatt' latitudes, and a food-fish of some importance, though smaller than and inferior to the common mackerel. Its form is shown in the Plate of ilACKEiiELS ; the color is blue with about 30 wavy blackish streaks across the back. It is locally known by many names, as 'linker.' 'caster.' and 'thimble-eyed' mackerel : and in England as 'Spanish' nuickcrcl. It is extremely liumeTous in the Mediterranean Sea. CHUB-StrCKER. A small brown sucker (Krim!/::on siicclln) , called also 'creek-fish,' nu- merous in lakes and quiet streams throughout the central Vnited States and along the Atlantic Coast. The sexual dift'erence is strong, males in S]>ring usually having three large tubercles on each side of the snout and the anal fin much .swollen. CHUBUT, chi5o-boot'. A territory of Argen- tina, occupying the northern portion of Pata- {;onia, and bounded by the I'erritoiy of Rio Negro on the north, the Atlantic on the east, the Terri- tory of Santa Cruz on the south, and Chile on the vest (Map: Argentine Republic, D 12). Its area is over 90.000 square miles. It is only islightly elevated in some parts, is traversed by the rivers Chubut and Senguer, and contains a' number of lakes. Population in 1900, 4409. The chief settlement is Rawson. near the eastern coast, with a population of about 500. CHTJCKWAL'LA. A large, stout-bodied iguanid lizard (Sauromalus atcr) of the desert region of the southwestern United States. It is the largest lizard of the Colorado River platx-aus, except the heloderma. "The broad body is black or blackish and the large blunt tail is usually Uiarked with white, or entirely white. It was generally found on lava or other dark rocks, with which its coloration harniouizes. It is a vege- tarian, feeding entirely on the buds and flowers of plants, with the addition sometimes of a few leaves." It is much prized by the local Indians as an article of food, and when well cooked is liked by white men, its llesh resembling chicken. A name for it in southern California is "alder- man lizard.' CHUCK- WILL'S-WIDOW (imitative of its cry). A large nightjar {Anlroslomus Caroli- luiisis) of the southern United States, who.se call-note resembles its name, is articulated with great distinctness, and reiterated like that of its congener, the whippoorwill. It is a uuich larger bird than the whippoorwill, being a full foot in length, but has the same pattern of plumage. Tlie mouth is enormous. The rictal bristles have lirominent lateral branches, and botli humming- birds and sparrows have been found in the stomach, though insects are its usual food. It lays its eggs on the ground, making no nest. CHUTA (Sp. ). A name applied to Cypertis esculent us, a perennial sedge that spreads ex- tensively by its underground root-tocks. It bears numerous small tubers, on which account it is also often called 'nut-grass,' or 'ground-al- mond.' The tubers are edible, and are eagerly souglit after by hogs, which are fretiuently al- lowed to pasture upon them at will. Chufas grow well upon light, sandy soils, producing large crops. Upon land required for general farming they are liable to become a serious pest, on account of the difficulty of their eradication. When dried or parched the 'nuts' have a fine flavor. They contain considerable amounts of oil, starch, and sugar, the proportions of which vary considerably. The oil is sometimes ex- I)ressed, and for culinary purposes is said to be unsurpassed. A similar species is Cypcrus ro- tundus, to which the name nut-grass more prop- erly belongs. Both are met with in a wild state in nianv inirts of the United States, especially in the Sou til. CHUF'FEY. An old clerk, in the employ of Anthony Chuzzlewit, in Dickens's novel Martin Cliu::l<'u:it. lie lives in his master's house, and his reluctant recital of Jonas's villainy forms perhaps the most dramatic feature of the story. CHUFU. Another name for Cheops (q.v.). CHU-HI, choHlie' (1130-1200). The modcrr ajHistle of Confucianism in its philosophical form, whose writings are the recognized standard of orthodoxy and the creed of educated men in China, He" has been oflicially approved by suc- cessive imperial dymisties, and even canonized. His father was a Government olVicer. and he was born in Fu-kien. Precocious from childhood, he took his second degree before he was 20 years old. He devoted his leisure time when in ollice to studying Buddhism and Taoism, but throwing these aside alter a few years, he became an en- thusiastic student of the writings of the school men of the Sung Draasty ' a.d. OfiO-l 120) . Confu- cianism, under the analysis and exposition of the scholars Cho-v Tun-I anil the brothers Cheng, had received a new statement, emerging as something