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CHURCHILL. 733 CHURCH OF GOD. to resign his jirefennent. A friend of John Wilkes, he contributed to the Xorth Briton. Among his other jioenis. all more or less satirical, are: "Xight :" "The Prophecy of Famine: A Soot's Pastoral:" the "Epistle to Hogarth:" "The Author:" "The Candidate:" "The Ghost:" "Gotham;" and "The Duellist." He died No- vember 4, 1704. while on a visit to Wilkes in Boulogne. Consilt the Aldine edition of his works, containing notes by Tooke, and the life by Hannay (London, 1892). CHURCHILL, Jonx. See JLkBLBOROUGH, .Joii.N Till KLiiiLL, Duke of. CHURCHILL, Lord KA>-DOLrii Henry Spen- cer, usually called Lord Randolph CnuRCUUi, (1849-95). An English Conservative statesman. The third son of the seventh Duke of ^Marl- borough, he was born at Blenheim Palace, Feb- ruary 1.3, 1849. He was educated at Eton, and Merton College, Oxford, and entered Parliament in 1874 as member for Woodstock. The same year he married the brilliant Miss Jennie .Jerome of New York, who, as a ])rominent member of the Primrose League, gave him valuable assistance throughout his political career. He was a qui- escent member until ISSO, when the Conservative defeat roused him to action as the leader of the Fourth Party — a small band of keen-minded Conservatives. He distinguished himself as a ready, imconventional debater, attracting par- ticular attention by his audacious criticism of Gladstone's foreign and domestic policy. He became still more prominent as chairman of the Conservative Union (1884), and in 1885 un- successfully attempted to defeat !Mr. Bright in Birmingham, but was returned for South Pad- dington, which was kept in reseiTe for him. From June, 1885. to .January, 1886, he was Sec- retary of State for India, his period of office being" marked bj- the annexation of Burma. For six months in 1886 he was Chancellor of the Exchequer, but resigned, expressing the resolve "to sacrifice himself on the altar of thrift and economy." Thenceforward he incisively criti- cised governmental expenditure, although always voting with his party. He was the exponent of Tory democracy, and had a considerable follow- ing" of young Conservatives, who looked upon him as Lord Beaconsfield's successor. "Con- genital causes" suddenly occasioned a failing of power: and in 1892 he sought recuperation by travel and hunting in Soutli Africa, sending interesting descriptions of his tour to the Daily Graphic, and publishing a volume entitled. Men, Mines, and Animals in l^outh Africa (1892). During his .absence he was reelected, but he died January 24, 1895. Consult Escott, Life of Lord Randolph Churchill (London, 1895). CHURCHILL, Winston (1871 — ). An American novelist, bom in Saint Louis, Novem- ber 10, 1871. A graduate of the United States Naval Academy (1894), Churchill first attract- ed attention bv naval stories in magazines. He wrote The Celebrity (1898). a novel, but first be- came widely known through Richard Carvel (1899), which was followed by The Crisis ( 1001 ), a story of the Civil War." CHURCHILL. WiN.STON Leonard Spencer (1874 — ). An English ajithor, son of Lord Randolph Churchill. Educated at Harrow and Sandhurst, he entered the army in 1895, ser%-- ing in that year with the Spanish forces in Cuoa, and receiving the order of Military Merit. In 1897 he served with the Tliirty-first Pun- jab Infantry, and received a medal with olasp for his conduct in Bajaur. He also acted as orderly ofiicer to Sir William Lockhart with the Tirah expeditionary force in 1898. and was with the Twenty-first Lancers in the Nile expe- ditionary force, again receiving <a medal with clasp for his services at the battle of Omdurman. On the outbreak of the Boer War (1899) he went to (he Transvaal. On November 15, he was taken prisoner by the Boers while acting as correspondent for the Morning Post. He was imprisoned at Pretoria, but escaped later in the year. In September, 1900. he was elected Conser- vative member of Parliament for Oldham. He has written: The Utorij of the JIalakand Field Force (1898) : The River IVor (1809) ; Savrola (1900): London to Lndi/smith via Pretoria (1900); and Ian Hamilton's March (1900). CHURCHILL RIVER. A tributary of Hud- son's Bay from the west, its waters being dis- charged into Churchill Harbor at Fort Churchill (Map: Northwest Territory, K 3). This river is in water connection with a large series of lakes in Keewatin. Athiibasca, and Saskatche- wan, and itself consists of a series of lakes and intervening narrower river channels. Through Reindeer or Caribou Lake the Churchill River appears to be in connection with WoUaston or Great Hatchet Lake, a portion of the water of which flows into the Mackenzie River. Properly speaking the headstream of the Churchill River is Beaver River, which rises in northeastern Alberta. The general course of the Churchill River is at first east and then northeast: the direct distance from the source to the mouth is about 800 miles. CHURCHING OF 'WOMEN. A religious usage prevailing in the Christian Church from an early period, of women, on their recovery after child-bearing, going to church to give thanks. It appears to have lieen borrowed from the Jewish law (Lev. xii. 6). In the Church of the early ages it was accompanied with various rites, and in the Greek and Roman Catholic churches it is still frequent. In the Church of England, also, a service for the cliurching of women finds its place in the liturgy. It takes place after the fortieth day from parturition. CHURCH OF ENGLAND. See England, ClIlRCH OF, CHURCH OF ENGLAND, Free. See Re- formed Epi.scopal Church. CHURCH OF GOD. A religious denomina- tion in the United States, sometimes called Winebrennerians. whose doctrines agree gen- erally with those of the Baptists. It orig- inated in a revival which took place under tne preaching of the Rev. John Winebrenner, a German Reformed pastor, at Harrisburg, Pa., and other places. Mr. Winebrenner's views hav- ing undergone some change, he met with other elders, in 18.30. and they adopted a basis of Church organization, the leading points of which were that the believers in any given place are, iinder the divine order, to constitute one body; that divisions into sects and parties under hu- man names and creeds is contrary to the spirit of the New Testament: that the believers of any community, organized into one body, constitute God's household or familv, and should be kno«Ti