Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/835

CHURCH TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. 735 perance. It was founded in New York in 1S81, on the lines which the Cliurch of En^hmd Tem- perance Society had heon pursuing for ten years previously. Its ])residenl is the presiding bishop of the Chureli. The society stands for a policy of high license as opposed to prohibition, and has done eft'ective work through legislative channels. Jt has also endeavored to jirovide substitutes for the saloon, the 'Squirrel Inn,' on the Bowery, in Xew York City, being the most notable example. Ir. the same city it maintains lunch-wagons, and has built and maintained seventeen free ice-water fountains. In connection with the society's work there is a Church Temperance Legion, which provides moral, civic, and military training for boys. CHTTRCH TRIUMPHANT, The. A church founded by C.eorge Sclnveinfurth, who was born in JIarion". Oliio. in 18.").!. He left the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church soon after entering it, and became a follower of a ilrs. r.eekman, who professed to I)e "the spiritual mother of Christ in His second coming." Be- fore her death, in 1S8.S, she declared Schwein- furth to be '•the Messiah of the Xew Dispensa- tion," and her followers adhered to him. He claimed to have received the same spirit as Christ, and to be equal with Him and sinless, and to have power to perform miracles, to bestow the spirit upon others, and to free from the eiirse and save from the commission of sin. The Church Triumphant does not believe that Christ was essentially divine, but that He was a man who had experienced freedom from the power and curse of sin, and then received the spirit of God and became divine. The religious services are without rites, ceremonies, or forms of wor- ship, and consist chiefly of the reading of the sermons prepared by Schweinfurth. The prin- cipal centre of this Ciiurch is at a place called Mount Zion, near Rockford, 111., where it has a special building. According to the latest pub- lished enumeration, it has 4 societies, with 340 members, in the States of Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and Missouri. Consult H. K. Carroll. The Ihliriious Forces of the United States (Xew York, 18!t3). CHURCH-WARDENS. In England, eccle- siastical officers, elected sometimes by the pa- rishioners and ministers jointly, sometimes by the minister alone, and sometimes by the parishion- ers alone, for the purpose of protecting the edi- fice of the church, superintending the celebration of public worship, and to form and execute other parochial regulations. They are generally two in number. (See CiirRni K.vtes: Parish; Vestry.) In the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States wardens are annually elect- ed by each pari«h in Easter week ; their duties, which are regulated by diocesan and not by gen- eral canons, being virtually the same as those of the corresponding English officials, omitting such as relati to a Church established by the State. CHURCHTARD, Thomas ( 1520 ?-1 004). An English versifier and miscellaneous writer, born at Shrewsbury'. He was a servant in the house- hold of the Earl of Surrey: served in the mili- tary* in Ireland, the Low Countries, and France ; ami from 1.5(>0 poured forth an amazing number of broadsides, pamphlets, and other more pre- tentious works, generally dedicated to some noble CHURRUS. lord, seldom paid for, and now largely forgotten. Disraeli (Calaniitirs of Autlmrs) says that "he was frequently employeu to supply verses for court masques and pageantry," and adds that lie composed such pieces for the entertainment of tjueen Elizabeth at Xorwich. He died in pov- erty and neglect. His best ellort is Tlic Woithi- iKss of M'dles (loS"; reissued in facsimile in 1871 by the Spenser Society), a national poem of some interest to the antiquarian and historian, CHURN ( AS. cyriii, Icel. Iciriia, Dan. kjwnie, eliurn, dialectic Ger. Kent. Xlcel. l;jarna, cream) . A machine for agitating milk or cream, for the production of butter. The principle of the operation is considered in the article on Bl'TTElt-iLvKIXG (q.v.). Jleve gentle stirring of the cream, if continued long enough, will bring butter; and agitation of the cream by means of bubbles of air passed through it will accomplish the same result. The oldest form of churn was ihe upright or plunge churn. This was labori- ous, and was superseded by the dasli churn, and by a form in which the cream was agitated by means of floats or paddles. There were many kinds of these, with arrangements for cooling or heating the cream. But these injured the texture of the butter, because of the effect of the stirring motion on the grain of the first particles of butter fonned. Barrel churns and rectangular churns, hung upon the lower or the shorter axes, have come into very general use, and box churns which are oscillated, often called swing churns, are much used, especially in small dairies. The best churns are entirely hollow vessels of the barrel or bo.K shape, which agitate the cream through concussion of the particles upon ilie sides of the churn. The churn should not be entirely filled ; it should be left half, or pref- erably only one-third, full. Although the yield of butter is not much diminished by increasing the amount churned at one time, the time re- quired for churning is increased, and the tem- perature is raised at the end of churning, which is decidedly injurious to the butter, mak- ing it softer and more difficult to handle. The speed of the churn is an important factor, in point of both time and completeness of churn- ing. Too rapid churning gives the cream the motion of the churn, and the particles of butter- fat are not brought into contact with each other. The labor of churning has been very greatly decreased in the modern churn, and forms have been made in which dog-power, horse- power, and steam-power are employed. The power churns, of immense size, are usually em- ])loyed in creameries. The combined churn and butter-worker has been described under Butter- Worker (q.v.). The butter-extractor is essen- tially a cream-separator and continuous churn combined. The butter made with this machine is, of course, sweet-cream butter. CHURN-OWL or CHURR-OWL. A pro- vincial name in Gre^t Britain fur the nightjar (q.v.) ; also 'fern-owl.' CHUROYA, chTio-ro'ya. A tribe living upon the Meta and Upper Guaviare rivers, eastern Colombia. They are of low physical type, very ugly, and go entirely naked, decorating their bodies with tattooing, in default of clothing. With several other tribes of the same region, they constitute a distinct linguistic stock. CHUR'RUS. See Hemp.