Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/836

CHUKUBUSCO. 736 CHYME. CHTTRUBirSCO, choo'rUo-bt.is'kA. A village 6 miles south of the City of Mexico, on the river Churubusco, coniu'ctcil with the capital by an elevated i>avcd causeway. Here, on August 20, 1847, iniuicdiately after the battle of Contreras, occurred one of the most importiiut battles in the war between the United States and Mexico. The Mexicans, under the comnuind of Santa Anna, numbered about 30,000, most of whom were stationed in a strongly fortified tC-le- de-ponl, and in the large convent or clnirch of San Pablo. The Americans, numbering about 0000, and comnumded by Gen. Winlield Scott, attacked with the greatest gallantry, and finally, after three hours of fighting,.drove the Mexicans from their position. The Mexicans lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, fully 7000 ; the Ameri- cans, in killed and wounded, about 1100. This battle is sometimes grouped with those of Con- treras and San Antonio, also fought on the 20th, under the general name, battles of Jle.xico. Con- sult : Wilcox, History of ihe il/exicoH ll'«c (Wash- ington, l.S!)2) ; General Scott, Autohiofimphy (New York, 1804) : and Bancroft, History of Mexico, o. V. (San Francisco, 1885). CHUSAN, choo'sAn (Chinese, Boat Island). An archipelago oiT the coast of China, consist- ing of the island of the same name' and a few smaller islands (Map: China, F 5). The island of Chusan is situated about 40 miles northeast of Xing-po, is of an oblong shape, and about 50 miles in circumference. Its sirfaee is moiui- tainuus: but there are many fertile valleys with ,a i)Ientiiul supjily of water, and the soil is veiy carefully cultivated by the hardy and independent people who inhabit the island. The flora is of remarkable richness. Azaleas clothe the moun- tains ; clematis, roses, and honeysuckles grow in great luxuriance. The camphor and tallow tree, and many varieties of bamboo, are found in the valleys. Tea is cultivated to some extent on the hillsides. Among the minor islands the most interesting is Putu, an islet coered with tem- ples and inhabited by numerous monks, and con- secrated entirely to religious puqjoses. Ad- ministratively the group belongs to the Province of Che-kiang. Population is estimated at from 200,000 to 500.000. The chief settlement is Ting- bai, a fortified town, with a population of about 30,000. CHTJTIA NAGPtTR, choo't^-i nftg-poor'. See ClIOTA XAGI'tTIi. CHUT'NEE, or CHXTTNY (Hind, chatnl). An East Indian condiment, a comjiound of man- goes, chillies or capsicum (q.v.), and lime-juice, with some portion of other native fruits, such as tamarinds, the flavor being heightened by garlic. CHUZ'ZLEWIT, AxTiiONY. The father of Jonas and uncle of young Martin, in Bickens's ^[tlrlin Vliuztlnril. He is a sly, grasjjing old miser. CHUZZLEWIT, Jonas. The cousin of young JIartin, and son of Anthon.v, Chuzzlewit, in Dick- ens's Martin Cluizzletcit. He is a low, ignorant fellow, who ill-treats his wife, tries to poison his father, and commits a brutal murder. See Peck- SMI K. CHUZZLEWIT, M.MMi.v. llie hero of Dickens's novel of the same name. He is, at first, an unsuccessful apprentice to a hypocritical architect named Pecksniff, lie leaves the latter in contemptuous anger, goes to America, and, after making various amusing acquaintances there, falls ill, and is brought back bv his faithful follower, Ilark Tapley. lie is finally reconciled with his exacting grandfather, also named .Martin, and marries a protegee of the latter, with whom he has long been in love. CHWOLSON, KvOl'sSn, Daxiei. (1820—). A Russian archaeologist. He was born, of Jewish parentage, at ihia, and was educated at Bres- lau, 'ienna, and Saint Petersburg. He later embraced Christianity, and became professor of Oriental languages and literature at the Uni- versity of Saint Petersburg (1855), and profes- sor of Hebrew and of biblical arduvology at the ecclesiastical academy in that city. His ])rincipal works, devoted chielly to the subject of Oriental ethnography, include": Die Ssuhicr uiid dcr ,Ssa- bismiis (2 vols., 18o(i), a valuable work to the student of religious science; Concerning Home McdicEval Accusations Against the Jews, in Rus- sian (18G1) ; Ihn Dasta's Accon)its of the Klia- cars, Burtassi, liulgarians, in Ru.ssian (1807); Die semitischen Vollccr (1872) : The Last Hup- per and the Day of Christ's Death, in Russian (2d cd., 1880; (Jerman, 1802). CHYAVANA, cha-va'na. Described in the Rigveda a.s a Rishi, whose youth the Ashvins re- stored. The character and myth are elaborated in the Sliatapatha Brulimana and in the Maha- hharuta. CHYLE, kll (from Xeo-Lat. chylus, from Gk. Xi'^"!, cliiilos, juice, from j-civ, chcin, to i)cjur). One of the products of the transformation of food in the alimentary canal. On remaining for some time in the stomach, food is |)artially dis- solved, forming a thick, grayish, turbid liipiid called chyme. The chyme, which passes onward into the small intestine, is acted u])on by the bile, pancreatic lluid, and intestinal juice, and through their influence is separated into chyle, which is absorbed or sucked up by the lacteals (q.v. ),and into matters unfit for nutrition, which iiltimately find their way out of the system by the intestinal canal. The mode in which this nutritious chyle is taken up by vessels distributed over the small intestines, and the changes which it undergoes before it is converted into true blood, are de- scribed in the articles Lacteals : Tiiohacic Dfcr; and NiTRiTiON. When obtained from the tho- racic duct of an animal during the process of digestion, chyle is a white milky-looking or yel- lowish fluid, with a faintly alkaline reaction. Like the blood, it coagulates in about ten minutes after its abstraction from the body of the ani- mal; and in about three hours a small but dis- tinct gelatinous clot is separated from thi' serous fluid of the chyle, the .surface of which is pink, owing to the immature red blood-cor|)uscles proper to the chyle. On examining chyle under a microscope, we find that it contains numbers of white corpuscles, a small number of de- veloping red corpuscles, oil-globules of varying sizes, also fatty granules together with fibrin. Kacli oil-droplet is enveloped in an albuminous envelo])e. The chemical constituents of chyle are neutral fats, some fatty acids, lecithin, clioles- terin, serum-allnimin, globulin, filirin, sugar, urea, leucin, sodium chloride, phosphates, and iron. See Dior.STioN. CHYME, kim. See Chyle; Digestion.