Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/874

CISTEBCIANS. 770 CITATION. community. The numbers now began to increase, and Stephen was enabled witliin two years to found four otlier abbeys — La Ferte, Pontijpiy, Clairvaux, and -Morimond. Fifty years later the Order numbered 343 abbejs, and by the middle of the fourteenth century more than 700 — in France, Germany, England, Ireland, Spain, Por- tugal, Norway, and Sweden. The austere and holy life of the early Cistercians won them uni- versal respect, and a vast inrtuence throughout Christendom. They produced few great writers, but were indefatigable in collecting and copying manuscripts for their libraries. Practical mat- ters, however, were not neglected in their zeal for literature and art; in England the Order was a main cause of the growth of the wool industry. After this Golden Age followed a period of decline. The rule was less strictly observed; many disorders crept in toward the end of the fourteenth century, and by the middle of the fif- teenth the t)rd('r had split into several congrega- tions. The growth of luxury, the spread of the mendicant orders, and the practice of granting abbeys m commendam (see ABnox) all contrib- uted to its decay. Among the more noteworthy offshoots of the Cistercians were the Feuillants and the Trappists (q.v.), and the Nuns of Port Eoyal in France. Before the Reformation, England had 75 Cistercian monasteries and 25 nunneries. Among the English abbeys were Fur- ness, Fountains, Woburn. Tintern, Kirkstall, and Rievaulx. Between internal decline and the hos- tility of various governments in modern times, the great majoritv of the Cistercian houses have ceased to exist. They are represented by a few in Belgium and Austria, one in England (at Mount Saint Bernard, near Leicester), and two in Ireland. The inlluenee of the Cistercians in art is suffi- ciently important to call for a separate treat- ment." When Saint Bernard directed the policy of the Order, he used it to carry out, among other things, his ideas as to the function of the fine arts. He wrote and preached against the cur- rent artistic extravagances in the construction, decoration, and furnishing of churches. As the Order spread throughout the world during the twelfth century it carried with it these iilcas, some of which ( for example, the invention of a single low, wooden bell-tower) were even ex- pressed in the constitutions of the Order. Cister- cian artists, therefore, wei'e architects, and of the constructive rather than of the decorative school. This is the only Order that can boast of having consistently carried out an aisthetic ideal and had a style of its own, similar in whatever land it appears, and little all'eetod by local art. Every- where tlie Order exercised a strong influeni'c. The Dominicans and Franciscans borrowed from it many of the peculiar traits of their churches. The Cistercians adopted at once the vaulted ty|)(^, and were the pioneers of the Gothic revolution, carrying its germs, in Burgundian form, to nearly every civili/ed country. ft was not until the middle of the thirteenth century that the Order had largely yielded its simplicity to the advance of the rich and harmonious style of cathedral Gothic, though before that it had begun to change in minor ways, as in allowing the use of stone in place of wooden towers. Wlien the special mission of the Order was finished, its monas- teries, being in remote country districts, were often allowed to go to ruin; but many of the most notable architectural monuments of its golden period remain worthy to stand by the side of the great cathedrals. Such are the abbeys of -Maulbronn, Heiligen-kreuz, Lilicnfeld, and Tiscli- nowitz, in Germany and Austria; of Chiaravalle, Fossanova, and Casamari, in Italy; of Ponligny in France; Batalha in Portugal; Veruela in Spain, and those named above in England. For the history of the Order, consult: Janau- sehek, Origiiies Vislercicitses (Vieinia, 1877); Guignard, llonuiiieiitii primitifs de la rcylc cis- tercitime (Dijon, 1877); D'Arbois de Jubain- ville and Pigeotte, JCtiidc siir I'ital iiilt'riciir dcs abhayes ci.'iterciennes aux All. et Xtll. siccles (Paris, 1858). F'or the architectural side of the subject: Sharpe, The Architecture of the Cister- cians (London, 1874) ; Eulart, Or j(/me« de I'archi- tecture gothique en Italie (Paris, 1803) ; and the works named in the article on JIoxastic AUT. CISTERN (OF. cisterne, Lat. cisterna, reser- voir, from cista, chest). An artificial reservoir, usually of masonry or woodworlv, and located either above the ground, or, more commonly, in an excavation. In places vhere the supply of water is intermittent, or where rain-water is used, every house requires a cistern, tank, or other receptacle for storing water. For comjiara- tively large supplies of water, such as are re- quired for manufacturing and railway service, receptacles for storing water aie now almost uni- versally termed reservoirs, tanks, or stand pipes. See ATER-WoRii.s; Dams and Reservoirs. CITADEL (Fr. ciladelle, It. cittadrlla, dim. of cUtd, a city, especially a fortified city). The fortified stronghold of a city or town ; hence also the strongest part of any extensive fortification. Its function in ancient sj'stems of fortification was akin to that of the donjon or keep of a castle; it provided a refuge of last resort for a garrison driven from the other works, in which they might hold out for a while longer against thecnemywliile awaiting succor from the outside. The media;val citadel was accordingly situated, as a rule, at the most coiumanding and exter- nally inaccessible angle of the city walls, with one "gate opening toward the town and a sally- port toward the country. Jlodern warfare, with its long-range artillery and external lines of de- fense by earthworks and masked batteries, has rendered these old-time devices obsolete. The term citadel is applied not only as above, to special portions of a system of fortifications, but also to any commanding and strongly de- fended castle or fort dominating a town, at once for defense and refuge. The aeropoles of ancient Greece (as at Athens, Corinth, Tiryns, etc.) constituted the citadels of those towns. (See Acropolis.) Edinburgh Castle, the ruined cita- del-castle of Smyrna, and the historic fortress of Antonia at .Jerusalem (not extant) are ex- amples of citadel-castles in this sense. The forti- fied prison of the Bastille, in Paris, deemed ini- pre^'nable until the Revolution of 1780, was the citadel of that royal capital. The fortified heights of (,|uebec are still called the Citadel. See Castle. CITATION (ML. citntio, from Lat. citare. to call). A mandate of a court of competent juris- diction, commanding the ])erson or persons named therein to appear in that court for some purpose specified brielly in the citation.