Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/875

CITATION. 771 CITIZEN. It was originally the process by which a suit was begun in the Knglish wvlesiastieal courts, which formerly had jurisiliotion over orphans, decedents' estates, and divorce proceedings. In the United States the tenn is most fre- quently used to designate the process of surro- gates', ori)hans", probate, and admiralty courts, conuuandiug persons interested in a proceeding in sucJi court to appear and show cause or reasons, if they have any, why the relief demanded l>y the party bringing the proceeding should not be granted, or for the purpose of receiving instruc- tions, to make an explanation, or to show cause why they should not be |uinished for disobedience of some order, rule, or decree of the court. The failure to obey a personal citation — that is, one for instructions or discipline — may render a party guilty of contempt of court; but if it is merely formal, notifying a party to appear and protect any interest he may have in a certain proceeding, appearance is not insisted ipon. and the party- merely waives any right to object to the proceedings by failure to appear. In Scotch practice, the act of an officer in sum- moning a party to an action under a proper war- rant is called citation. The term is also em- ployed in the civil law. "The word 'citation' is also used in law in the sense of the naming of an authority: as, the citation of a reported case in a legal text-book. See SrMMoxs: Svrpcexa; Procedibe. CITH.amON ( Lat., from Gk. KiiaLpwv, Kithai- lOii ) . A mountain range in Greece, between Bceotia and Attica. Tlie highest peak is a little over 4000 feet above sea-level. It is now called Elatea — i.e. 'Pine Mountain.' CITH'ARA (Lat., from Gk. Ki$dpa, kithara, a kind of lyre or lutej . A musical instrument. NXBIAN EiHt4.VB. OB CITHABA. somewhat resembling a guitar, much used by the Greeks and Romans, who attributed its invention to Apollo. In some respects it resembled a lyre : but it was played resting on the knees, whereas the lyre stood upright between them. The cithara had a hollow body, made sometimes of tortoise- shell, from which two horns branched upward, supporting a cross-piece. The strings were stretched from this cross-piece to the body of the instrument, where they ■ were supported by a bridge. Sounds on the lower strings were pro- duced by the fingers of the left hand; on the upper, by the plectrum. From the cithara were derived the mediieval cither, and our modem zither and guitar. The modern instrument most nearly allied to the cithara is the Nubian kissar. See Lyre. CITIES OF THE PLAIN. .:Vn appellation of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, which were situated in the plain :bout the Jordan, and were destroyed because of their wickedness. CITIZEN (OF. cifeain, from Lat. civitas, state, from civis, citizen). In its most general sense, an individual member of a political so- ciety, or State; one who owes allegiance to, and may lawfully demand protection from, the Gov- ernment, and thus equivalent to subject. The original meaning of the term, as denoting a per- son endowed with certain rights and privileges as a native or naturalized resident in a city, a free and lawful member of a civic community, has in America become its secondary signification; its Roman meaning, as a member of a free, self- governing connnonwealth, having superseded it. It is in this latter sense, also, that it is em- ployed in the French and Swiss republics. In England, however, it is properly employed only in the narrower sense, as equivalent to miiiiiceps; and this is its meaning, generally, in the law of modern monarchical States, in which the rela- tion of the citizen to the State is expressed by the term 'subject.' In Im))erial. as well as in Repvdilican Rome, the State continued legally to be regarded as a commonwealth of free citizens, bound together by the tie of common member- ship of one body. The modem relation of sover- eign and subject, which has been substituted for that of commonwealth and citizen, is of feudal origin, the oath of allegiance, on which it is based, being in its essence the creation of the feudal obligation of fidelity and obedience due from a vassal to his lord. It will be observed, then, that the more general sense of the term citizen — that in which it is employed in the United States and in other modem republics — is more closely in accordance with the original and historical meaning of the word. In the free republics of classical anti- quity, the term 'citizen' signified, not a resident of a town, but a free, governing member of the State, just as the term ciritns; from which we derive our 'city,' signified, not merely a local municipality (urbs), but the State at large. The confusiim is doubtless due to the importance of the role which several of these city-states — as Athens aiul Rome — have played in history. In the ancient cities not all the inhabitants, perhaps not all the free inhabitants, were citizens, but these constituted a class entitled to special privi- leges and immunities; and as these cities formed the type of free government in the ancient world, the term 'citizen' soon came to mean one wh«  possessed full civil and political rights. The Greek idea of citizenship is expressed by .Aris- totle, who declared a citizen to be one to whom