Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/879

CITIZEN KING. 773 CITTADELLA. CITIZEN KING, The (Kr. Ic roi ciloycii). An aiUH'llutiiin bestowud ui)un Louis Philippe, King of Krauue from ISyo to 1848. lie had favored the revolutionary nioveiiieiit in his younger days, and continued, even after he had mounted the throne, to sympathize with the people, though only in a half-hearled way. CITIZEN OF GENE'VA ( Fr. citoyen de Geneve). An appellation of J. J. Rousseau, who was born in Geneva. CITIZEN OF THE WORLD, The. The pen- name employed by Oliver Goldsmitli, in his Let- ters from u I'hinese I'hilosophcr, residing in Lou- don, to His Friends in the Last — a series of papers, contributed to the Public Ledger, begin- ning .lanuary 24. ITtiO, and ijublished in book- I'urm in London, 1702. CITRIC ACID ( I"r. citrique. Lat. eitricus, from eilrus, citron), CyiaOU) (COOHja + HjO. A crystalline organic substance found in various plants, especially in the fruits of the lime (Citrus berguinid) and the lemon (Citrus Irmonum) . The citric acid of commeri'e is obtained from the lemon's .juice, which is made in large quantities in southern Ital}, in northern Africa, in the West Indies, etc. To obtain citric acid, lemon- juice is boiled (to coagulate all proteid matter), and neutralized with chalk and lime; the precipi- tate of calcium citrate thus obtained is decom- posed by boiling with dilute sulplmrie acid; on filtering, and evaporating the filtrate, citric acid eiystallizes out in the foi-m of colorless rhombic ])risms, freely soluble in water, and having an agreeable acid taste. Citric acid has the property of preventing the precipitation by potash or annnnnia of the hydroxides of iron and certain other metals. This property is utilized in calico- printing, citric acid being employed to prevent the formation of certain colors where they are not called for. Citric acid is also used in making refreshing efTervescent drinks: the pure acid, or preferably lemon-juice, is very beneficial in scur- -j-; formerly it was jiopularl.v believed to be an excellent remedy for rheumatism : it is also used to increase the secretion of saliva and to allay thirst in fever. It is often used in medicine in combination with iron, magnesium, lithium, quinine, etc. Chemically, as its constitutional formula shows, it is a monox.v-tribasic acid, and is therefore capable of forming three series of salts, in which one, two, or all the three of the acid hydrogens are replaced by metals. It is somewhat similar to tartaric acid, from which it may, however, be readily distinguished by testing the solubility of its calcium salt, (C„H,0;).Ca3+4H;0, which is insoluble in potash, an<l is more soluble in cold than in hot water. Citric acid melts at 100° C, in its water of crys- tallization, which it loses at 130°. If heated further to 175° C, citric acid loses the elements of water, and is transformed into aconitic acid — an unsaturated tribasic acid, having the formula ( ,II,(C'OOH),. Citric acid was discovered by Scheele, in 1784: its properties were investigated by Berzelius and Liebig. CIT'RIL, or ClTRONENTirTK (probably cor- rupter! from citrine. Xeo-Lat. ritrinella, from Med. Lat. eitrinun. citron-colored, from Lat. cil- riri, citron; socalled from the color of its breast). A small canarv-like finch (Cliri/somitris citri- nella ) , of southern Europe, related to the Ameri- can goldlinch, and a favorite cage-bird in Europe for tlie sake of its song. CITRON (Lat. citrus, Gk. kItiiov, kilron, cit- ron; p(issil)ly of Semitic origin; cf. ileb. qitar, Ar. qalara, to be fragrant), Citrus medica, or genuina. (See Citrus.) A tree, allied to the orange and lemon, cultivated in the south of Kurope, and to some extent in Florida and Cali- fornia. It is a native of the forests of the north of India. The citron has oblong toothed leaves; the llowers are externally of a violet color; the fruit is large, warted, and furrowed; the rind is very thick and tender; the pulp is subacid. The ])art chielly valued is the rind, which is candied, preserved, and used in confectionery and for culi- nary purposes. The juice is sometimes em])loyed to make a syrup; or, with sugar and water, UiV a beverage and for flavoring liquors. The name 'citron' is also applied, in the United States, to a variety of melon resembling in appearance the watermelon, but having a firm, white, inedible core. The rind of this melon is used for pre- serves, like that of the true citron. See Citrus; Orange : Lemon. For illustration, see Colored Plate of Citrus Fruits. CIT'RONEL'LA (Neo-Lat., dim. of lied. Lat. citro, citron, from Lat. citrus, citron) . The name of a fragrant ethereal oil im])orted from Ce.vlon, and used b.v perfumers. L'nder the name of Idris Jaghi. it is often employed as an adulterant of certain aromatic oils. CITRONELIilE, sit'r6-nel'. A village in IMo- bile Count.v, Ala., .30 miles north by west of Jlobile, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Here, on ilay 4, ISG.j. after receiving news of .John- ston's surrender to Sherman, fien. Richard Taylor surrendered to Gen. E. R. S. Canby the last Con- federate army east of the Mississippi. Popula- tion, in laOOl G96. CITRON-MELON. See Watermelon. CITRON WOOD or CITRUS WOOD. The most costly furnitiire of Roman antiquit.y was made from this wood, which is probabl,v the Cal- litris (juodriralvis — a tree of the pine family, still employed in cabinet-making on account of its beautiful grain. It grows in Algeria and has large and gnarled roots from which the pieces used for ornamental purposes are taken. CITRUS (Lat., citron-tree). A genus of plants of the order Rutaceoc, consisting of thirt.v or more sjiecies of trees and shrubs, most of which bear spines or thorns and are natives of India an<l other warm parts of Asia, btit many of which are now commonly cultivated in all warm cli- mates on account of their fruit. This genus in- cludes the orange, citron, lemon, lime, bergamot, shaddock, pomelo, and forbidden fruit (qq.v.). Citrus-trees are distinguished bv numerous sta- mens, irregularly united in bundles hv their fila- ments — a pulpy fruit, with a spongy or leathery rind and smooth seeds. The leaves and tlie rind of the fruit abound in volatile oil. The Mowers also contain volatile oil and emit a peculiar fra- grance. CITRUS DISEASES. See Orange, para- gr:i|ili Oriiiifit Diseases. CITTADELLA, chfet'tsl-del'la (It., little city, dim. of eiltii. city). A city in Xortli Italy, Province of Padua, situated 14 miles northeast of Vicenza (Map: Ital.v. F 2), It has a beauti- ful church and botanical gardens, and inanufac-