Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/880

CITTADELLA. CITY. tures of cotton aud woolen goods. It was founded in 1220, as a protection against Tieviso, and lias still retained its walls, tower, and moat. Popu- lation, in ISSl (commune), 9087; in I'JOl, 9881). CITTA DI CASTELLO, cluH-tii' de kas-tel'16 (It., City of the Cattle). A city in the Province of Perugia, Central Italy, situated near the left bank of the Tiber, 20 miles east of Arezzo (Map: Italy, G 4). It is surrounded by walls dating from the beginning of the sixteenth century, and contains a number of magnificent palaces, includ- ing several belonging to the Vitelli, the lords of the city during the fifteenth and si.'cteenth cen- turies. The cathedral, a Renaissance structure, completed in 1540, has a campanile and a carved portal belonging to the original Roman- esque building of 1012. The town-hall, dating from the fourteenth century, is a splendid build- ing and contains a fine collection of Italian paint- ings and other objects of art. Although some of the first churqh pictures of Raphael were painted for C'itttl di Castc'Uo, the town does not possess any originals of the master in its public collec- tions. The chief manufactured products are silk and nails. Its connnerce is of some im- portance. Citta di Castello is the seat of a bishop, and occupies the site of Tifernum Tiberi- num, destroyed bv Totila. Population, in 1881 (commune),' 24,002; in inoi, 2G,43U. CITTANOVA, chf-t'tii-nf/va. A town in the Province of Reggio, Calabria, Italy, 31 miles northeast of Reggio. It arose from the ruins of Casalnuovo, which was destroyed by an earth- quake in 1783. Its present name dates from 1852. The cultivation of olives and manufacture of olive oil constitute its chief industry. Popula- tion, in 1901 (commune), 11,713. CITTA VECCHIA, ehet-tii' vek'ya. Former capital of JIalta, miles west of Valetta. CITY (Fr. cii6, Lat. civitas). In the United States, a chartered municipal corporation whose chief executive ollicer is usually known as the mayor. The legislatures of the various States have prescribed dilVereut requisites for the grant- ing of city charters, the principal condition being that in respect to population. City charters vary in the degree of power they confer on the miuiici- pal authorities, the measure of local autonomy being usually, though not always, regulated by the number of inhabitants. Besides the mayor, there are, as a rule, a board of aldermen and a common council. In Great Britain the term city is generally applied to an incorporated cathedral town — i.e. one which is, or has been, the seat of a bishop or the capital of his see. In the sense in which it was first used in the Romance lan- guages of modern Europe, the word 'eity,' like its Latin original and the Greek TriXis, was prob- ably equivalent to State (rrspulilira ) , rather than to town or borough (urhn tiiunicipium) : and while the latter signified a collection of hearths and households, governed by municipal laws inter- nally, but subject externally to the laws of the country of which it formed a part, the former was applied only to siicli towns as, with their surrounding districts, were independent of any external authority. The only cities in this sense now are the free townis of Germany, and such of the cantons of Sw'itzerland as consist chiefly of a town and its surroundings, as Geneva. The ancient (!au1s, thimgh e<)in|)osing one nation, were divided into tribes, living in different cantons. each with its town, to which the term 'civitas' was applied; and as they also acknowledged a species of central authority, several cities sending delegates to a central one of greater extent and importance to discuss their connnon affairs, there is reason to believe that the term 'city' was ap- plied, par cxccUciicv, to those central ])laees of meeting, and thus, from a very early period, sig- nified a capital or metropolis, though not inde- pendent, bee Citizen, Political a.m) Commercial Aspects. The eity has always been the centre of commercial and industrial development, but its origin is to be found among agricultural peoples, who possessed the fertile lands and built themselves walled towns, or took possession of some naturally forti- fied jjlaces, such as the Acropolis of .thens, in order to protect themselves from the attacks of the predatory tribes. Within the eity, handi- craft, exchange, and various industries grew up. Babylon and Kgvpt were full of these small com- munities, now buried beneath the sand. They were situated on rivers and the seacoast, and soon became centres of commerce. Large cities were a prominent feature of the ancient world ; Thebes, Jlemphis, Baljylon, Nineveh, Susa, Tyre, Car- thage, and .Jerusalem were great centres. Greece, for its extent and population, had many large cities, Alexandria is said to have contained over 500,000, and Rome was still larger. As ca]iital of the Empire of the East, Constantinoi)le suc- ceeded Rome as the principal city in Europe. Civilization was as.sociatcd with city life, as was illustrated by the use of the word 'pagan' (Lat. piiganuft, dweller in a country district, where heathenism often survived much longer than in the city). In the Mohammedan East, during part of the -Middle .ges, Bagdad, Damascus, and Cairo led in population, while Cordova was the greatest city of the Mohammedan West and for a time of all Europe, Compact cities grew up in the Middle Ages in nearly every European country. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Europe had six or .seven cities numbering 100,000; at tlic end, thirteen or fourteen. During the seventeenth century, while civil war prevailed, although the population of Europe remained stationary, the cities increased. The total population increased greatly in the eighteenth centur}', A remarkable fact of the nineteenth century has been the constant increase in urban life at the exiiense of the rural districts. Cities have grown absolutely and jiroportionally in respect to the total population. This is almost universally true. Naples, Budapest, Athens, Bucharest. Rus- sian cities. South .American cities, and even .Jeru- salem, Cairo, and Damascus may be incluiled. The tendency toward city life is noticeable in agri- cultural Australia. England was the first coun- try to recognize the new grouping of i>o]>ulation, and to ado))t means to meet its dangers. The sea- ports and cathedral and country towns were sud- denly left far behind by the new manufacturing towns, many of which had no corporate existence in 1835. In 1851, 50.08 per cent, of England's population was urban: in 1891, 72.05 per cent. In Scotland the change has been revolulionarv. In 1801, of the 1,000,000 inhabitants, few resided in towns; in 1891, out of over four million, onlv 928.500 were strictly rural. .Mmost the entire in- crease of pojinlation in France within the last half-ccnturv has been in the cities. In 1891,37.4 per cent, of the people were found in cities, while