Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/911

CLALLAM. 801 CLAM-GALLAS. CLAL'LAM, Sklalvm. or Xisklalv. A Salishaii tril>o, formerly of consiilcrahle impor- tance, occupying the {rreater pari of the coast extending west from Paget Sound, in (iallani County, Wash. They still number about 330, attached to the Puyallup Agency. CLAM (older form also claiiip, from the firm <lamp of the shell, AS. clam, bond, OHG. chimma, narrow pass; cf. also Dutch klamp, cleat). The ])opuIar name of many widely various, bivalve iiiollusks. especially those good to eat. In the United States it commonly designates either the quohog (TeiiHS »if/rc«<in'o), distinguished as the hard or round dam. or else the manni- iiose (MiKt arciiaiia). called long or soft clam. The former is a heaxy, globose shell, allied to the cockles, which plows its way along sandy bottoms, standing erect upon its thin edge, and is obtained wholly by raking, in water from 10 to 40 feet in depth. It abounds from Cape Cod to Florida, and also near Shediac, Xew Brunswick, -and is the common 'clam' of Xew York markets, where small ones (young) are much esteemed imder the name of "little necks,' after Little Xeck, Long Island, whence they orig- inally eame. In Boston and Xew England the Indian name 'quohog' attaches to this, and 'clam' usually means the Mya, called 'soft clams' elsewhere. "These are of a very different charac- ter, having comparatively thin, smooth, elongat- ed shells, a protrusile, blade like foot, adapted to digging, and siphons that may be longer than the shell. They remain sunken in the sand of the shore, between tide-marks, their siphon- mouths just at the surface, and when disturbed they eject a spurt of water as they withdraw- to safer depths. These clams are obtained by digging at low tide; and they are cultivated by the protection of certain favorable areas of sea- l>each, where they soon lie almost as thick as paving-stones. Formerly enormous quantities of both these clams, with razor-clams, etc.. were gathered and salted in Xew England as bait for the cod-fisheries, but this demand has diminished. Great Britain has the 'gaper,' a closely allied species, but it is not so popular. On the Xew England coast two other large nioUusks of deep water are eaten when obtainable, under the name of beach, sea, or surf clams — especially Spisula ■solidissima. The Southern States have a large edible species, also, in the painted clam (Callisiii f/iganteii) . On the Pacific Coast — to which Eastern clams have been transplanted with some success, and are constantly sent, refrigerated, for immediate consumption — several edible bi- valves are used, for some of which the term has been borrowed. Thus, the California 'flat clam' is a species of Semele, and others are of the genera Tapes, Saxidonuis. and Clycymeris. The ■geoduck.' gathered for food by the Indians of the Xorthwest Coast, is (llyci/inois firinronn. The shells of most of these were formerly used by the natives in manufacturing the various beads and shell ornaments which passed as u'oney among them. ( See Shell- Money. ) In- land, the word 'clam' refers to some of the many fresh-water mussels. (See Mi^ssel. ) The ■giant' clam of the Ea.st Indies {Tridarna fiir/as) is the greatest of living mollusca, its soft part amounting to 20 pounds of edible flesh, while the deeply hollowed shells may weigh .500 pounds. "In some churches of France they are employed to hold the holy water — a use which well accords with the beautiful white of the inner surface of the shell. ... In many of the islands, stones are unknown; but, as a sub- stitute, the natives make their knives and a.xes from the fragments of this shell." See Colored Plate of Clams and Euible Missels. Fossil Forms. The genus Jlya ('soft' or 'long' clam) appeared in Tertiary time, with species that show little difference from those now living. So with the genus .Mactra. The family Vencridiv, to which the little-neck clam (Venus mercenaria) belongs, is an old one; it began in the iliddle Jurassic, with snuill spe- cies of rounded form, which can often with ditii- culty be . distinguished from the accompanying species of Cyprinida". The genera Tapes, CjlJie- rea, and Cyprimeria are abundant in Cretace- ous rocks. Cytherea in the Eocene, and Venus in the Miocene. Shells of several species of Venus are extremely connuon, and finely pre- served in the Miocene sands and marls of some localities in Virginia and southern Europe. For American clams of all sorts, consult: Goode, Fishery Industries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884); l.ovell. Edible Molhisl:s of Great Britain, etc. (London, 1884). For fossil forms, see Tertiary; ^IioCEXE. See Colored Plate of Clams and Edi- ble Mussels. CLAM. In heraldry, a term for an escalop or cockleshell. It is supposed to indicate that the bearer has been a crusader, or has made long voyages by sea. See Heraldry. CLAMABT, kla'miir'. A town in the Depart- ment of Seine, France, 4'i miles soilthwest of Paris. It is a favorite residential suburb of Pa- risians, and is the seat of the Hospice Ferrari, an asylum for aged men. The Bois de Clamart, which is part of the Bois de ileudon, is a popular picnic resort of the Parisian bourgeoisie. Popu- lation, in 1901, 7391. CLAMECY, kla'me-se'. The capital of an ar- rondissement in the Department of Xifevre, France, at the confluence of the Yonne and the Beuvron, 38 miles northeast of Xevers (Map; France, K 4). Its parish church of Saint Martin, surmounted by a fine square tower, has interest- ing architectural features of the thirteenth, fif- teenth, and sixteenth centuries. The twelfth- century Church of Bethlehem is now the annex of a hotel. The modern Chateau of Vauvert is a handsome building in fine grounds. There are manufactures of cloth, paper, leather, and pot- tery, and a considerable timber trade by river with Paris; a bronze bust, liy . gers, of .lean Rimvet, the native who in I-jtO invented the wood- raft for supplying Paris with timlier, stands on a bridge spanning the river. Population, in 1901, .542ii. CLAM-CRACKEE. A stingray. See Ray. CLAM-GALLAS, klam'gfii'las, Ediard, Count tl.S(l.)-!U). An Austrian general, born at Prague. He entered the army in 1823. and became a major-general at the age of 40. In 1841 he served with distinction in the Italian anil Hungarian campaigns, and in the latter comman<led the Trah- sylvanian corps which effected the union with the Russians, and thus led to the <lefeat of (Jenenil Vem at Sepsi-Saint Gyiiigy and Kaszon-l'jfalu. In 18.")!t he fought with distinction at Magenta and Solferino, but during the disastrous caui- |mign of 18(i(> he was defeated by the Prussians at Hdhnerwasser, Podol, Miinchengriitz. and