Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/912

CLAM-GALLAS. 802 CLANG TINT. GiUchin: was relieved of his eommand and lirought before a mililary tribunal, by which, liowever, he was aequittod. While he was known to have committed strate<rical errors, the chief responsibility for the disasters was probably traceable to his superior officers. CLAMPING-SCREW. A tool used by car- penters and iciinors fur holding work on a table, or for securing two or more pieces together. Two sorts are generally found: One of two straight bars of wood or metal, each with a screw i)assing through, the screw-end pressing against the opposite bar; the second is a device shaped like the letter G. through the upper end of which the screw passes, and holds between its point and the lower end the portions to be clamped, generally for gluing together. CLAN (Gael, chiiiii, It. claim, eland, offspring, tribe. Welsh /ilaiit, offspring, children, Lat. planta, connecte<l with Skt. kula, Lith. kiltis, family). A collection of families united under a chieftain, all claiming descent from a common stock, and possessed of a common surname. The word 'clan' has been adopted as the ethnological generic term. Synonyms and parallels have lieen sought in the Arabic haiii/, the Greek -,4ivc, (leiios. the Roman (/ens, the Russian mir. the German Gcmcinde. the Swiss almcnd, the Irish aept, and the North American otein (totem). It is now well established, however, that in the primitive Indo-European organization of society several families, presumably kindred, united in a lirotherhood (Greek oparpia, phratrio : Scath Slav(mic bratsfiu: Latin ciifia, house): several brotherhoods in a tribe (Greek (JiViJ, pliyU; South Slavonic plenic. Latin trihiis) : and finally several tribes in a folk, or nation (Greek fftof, ethnos, Latin populiis). Higher than the folk were loose federations merely of nations — Volker, or populi. From this scheme it is clear that the primitive "clan' is to be identified with the brotherhood rather than with the vrof, (jcnos. or gens. In fact, the Greek yiroc is post- Homeric, and therefore comparatively late: doubtless it became ])olitically important with the rise of the aristocracy. The typical Greek yi'i'of was but a powerful family under a single leader: most probably in early Attica the chief of every noble jjiof had a seat in the great aristocratic council (of the Areopagus). But some Attic }'fi7/. gciic, were mere guilds of cop- persmiths, of heralds, etc. The typical Latin aciifi likewise developed from the family, as is indicated l)v the derivation of the gentile name from the personal name, and was also a compara- tively late institution. Probably every patrician i/cns was once represented by its chief in the senate. Whereas the yhv( and gens are thus seen to have been monarchical, the dparpla, phratria. and the curia; were aristocratic: the nobles held the offices and priesthoods, and doubtless controlled the votes of the commons, many of whom were clients. In all essentials the hratsfro resembles the gens (yhvr, genos) of the Greeks and Romans. The general j>rin- ciples of clanshi]) were common rights and duties, with ob!igati<ms to avenge one another's wrongs. The members were bound together, not only by the sentiment of common origin and blood, but also by the common worship of a protecting deity, from whom all claimed descent, .-fter the introduction of Oiristianity among the South- ern Slavs, a patron saint took the place of the ancestral deity, who is still celebrated in song, though shorn of his divine (|ualities. Much con- fusion has arisen from identifying the clan with the village. The l)asis of the clan, trilie. and folk is kinship, real or assumed; the basis of the village, pagiis, and civHiis is in some degree territorial — the idea of neighbor partly sup- jilanting that of kin. In simpler words, all the villagers were not even presumably kinsmen. Thus the village was the first step in the develop- ment of political society from tribal life. Xo theory of exogamy, metronymy. or of patriarchal government will apply to all clans: there are indications of a great variety of iirimitive usage. Apart from the Southern Slavs and from sec- tions of India, the Indo-European clan has con- tinued most vital among the Celts, especiallv in the Highlands of Scoti'and. The feuds of" the clans and the struggle between these autono- mous societies, on the one hand, and the cen- tral Government on the other, made up a large part of the history of Scotland to the suppres- sion of the Rebellion of 1745. after which the British Parliament enacted laws for the aboli- tion of the hereditaiy jurisdiction of the Scot- tish chieftains, and for the disarming of the clans. The influence of the system still lingers, however, in remote and sparsely populated dis- tricts. BiBLiOGBAPHY. Fustel de Coulanges, The An- cient City (Eng. trans., Boston, 1889) ; Hearn, The Aryan Household (London. 1789) ; Maine, Early Laic and Custom (New York, 1883) ; Zim- mer. Altindisclies Leheii (Berlin, 1879) ; Mayne, Hindu Laic and Usage (London, 1883) ; JIcLen- nan, Studies in Ancient History (London, 1890) : Morgan, Ancient Society (Xew York, 1878) ; Leist, Gra'co-italische Uechtsgeschichte (Jena, 1884), and Altarisches Jus Gentium (Jena. 1889) ; Sehrader, fiprachrergleichung nnd I'r- geschichte (Jena. 1890) — very valuable; Meyer, Geschichte drs Altcrtums, vol. ii. (Stuttgart, 1893). For the true relation of the Greek and Roman gens to the other groups, consult: Krauss, Sitle and lirauch dec Siidslauen (Vienna. 1885) : Seebolim. Tribal iSi/slem in Wales (London, 1895); Skene, Celtic .Scotland (3 vols,, Edin- burgh, 187G-80) ; Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London, 18G9) ; the articles "Genos" and "Gens" in Howard, Local Constitu- tional History of the United States, vol. i. (Bal- timore, 1889). For the relation of the clan to existing political institutions, see also Tribe: So- ciology. CLANDESTINE MARRIAGE, The. A comi'ily by Colman and <;nrricl< (17(it!), worked over from the Rev. James Townley's farce Th<: False Concord. ■ CLANG-TINT, Expl. .tiox of. No one who is at all familiar with music has any dilli- culty in naming the instrument or class of in- struments from which a given tone proceeds. "The same note" may he sounded, e.g. on piano, organ, violin, and harp. Wc recognize it as "the same" in every case; and yet it "sounds different," so Uiat we can say, "This is the note of a pipe, this of a struck, or bowed, or ])lucked string." The criterion of diirerence, in such cases, is termed clang tint, or clang color, or timbre. The note of a musical instrument is not a pure tone (see Audition), but a mixture