Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/925

CLARKSBURG. 815 CLARK UNIVERSITY. aijil tiiiplnte, and .sliall-pulleys. Tlip eity con- tains two hospitals, and is the seat of the Broad- dus Classical and Scientific Institute. It was the birthplace of "StonewnU" Jackson. Settled in 177:i. t'lark.sliurg was incoipoiatcd in 1849, and is governed at present luidcr a charter of 1SH7, which provides for a mayor, elected an- nually, and a eity council chosen l>y wards. The water-works are owned and o])eraled by the niunicipalilv. Population, in 1890, 3008; in 1900, 4050. " CLARK'SON, MArniEW (175S-1825). An American idUlicr and pliilanthropist, born in Xew York City. At the outbreak of the Kevo- lutionary War he enlisted as a private, and in 1777 took ])art in the Saratojja campaign. He afterwards served as aide-de-camp, with the rank of major, to V-en. Benedict Arnold ( .Vugust, 177S, .March, 1779). and to Clen. Benjamin Lin- coln (.March, 1779 .July. 1782) : was taken pris- oner at Charleston, on Jlay 12, 1780, and in 1783 was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. After the war he returned to New York, where he took an active interest in all public and philan- thropic enterprises. He served several terms in the State Legislature, was president for many years of the bank of Xew York ; was governor of the Xew York Hospital for thirty years, and did much for prison reform and the establish- ment of public schools. Consult The Clarksons of yew Yoric (Xew Y'ork, 1875-76). CLARKSOW, Thomas (1760-1846). An Eng- lish philanthropist and anti-slaveiy agitator, born in Cambridge. He studied at Cambridge 1 niversity. and early gave evidence of his an- tagonism to slavery- in a Latin prize essay, which he wrote in 1785, on the question. "Ts it right to make slaves of others against their will?" An English translation had an ex- tensive circulation, and Clarkson resolved to devote his life to a crusade against African slavery. Associations were formed, and Clark- son, besides visiting the principal cities of Eng- land and going to Paris in the cause, published numerous essays, pamphlets, and reports on the subject. Wilberforce, whose coiiperation he had secured, took the lead in the anti-slavery agitation, and in 1787 brought the subject be- fore Parliament. On March 25. 1807. the bill for the suppression of the slave-trade be- came a law, and Clarkson subsequently wrote .1 Uintory of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplish- ment of the Abolition of the African .S7orc- Jrade (1808). On the formation of the Anti- Slavery Society, in 1823, for the abolition of slavery in the Vest Indies. Clarkson became one of its leading members. He saw the object of its efforts attained in 1833. His other works in- clude: Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn (1813); Thotir/hts on the Necessity of Improrinii the Condition of the Slaves in the Tiritish Colonies (1823). Consult: Taylor. Biographical Sketch of Thomas Clark- son (1839), and Elnies, Thomas Clarkson, (1876). CLABKS'VILLE. A city and the county-seat of Slontgomerv County. Tenn., 45 miles north- west of Xashvillc; near the junction of the Cumberland and Ked rivers, and on the Louis- ville and Xa.shville Railroad (Map: Tennessee, I) 4). It is one of the great tobacco-markets of the South, and has manufactures of iron, agri- cultural implements, lumber, Oour, etc.. and valuable iron-ore deposits in the vicinity. It is the seat of the Southwestern Presbvterian University, founded in 1875, and of a Methodist seminary for young ladies. Settled in 1780, Clarksville was incorjioratcd some five years later, and is at present governed under a charter of 1850, revised in 1891. The mayor is elected every two years, and the city council controls all appointments to municipal otlices. The city owns and operates its water-works. Popula- tion, in ISSO, 3S80; in 1890, 7924; in 1900, 9431. CLARKSVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Ked River County, Tex., 01 miles west by north of Texarkana; on the Texas and Pacilic Railroad (Map: Texas, G 3). The centre of a fertile agricultural region, it carries on a large trade in cotton, live stock, grain, and hides. The industrial establishments include a cotton-com- press, cottonseed-oil mill. etc. Population, in 1890, 1.5SS; in 1900, 2l)(;9. CLARK UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher education, founded in 1887, at Worcester, Mass., by .Jon.as Oilman Clark (q.v. ). The luii- versity was planned to alTord opportunity for full and free research along advanced lines; to add as materially as might be to the ascertained truths of science; and to equip educators and specialists of the highest qualifications. It was especially stipulated that the best academic standards should forever be maintained, and as the original endowment was insufficient to equip courses in all subjects, but few courses were at first equipped, and those completely. These comprised post-graduate courses in the fundamental sciences of physics, chemistry, biologj'. psychology, and education. Only ac- credited college graduates are admitted as can- didates for the Ph.D. degree; and students are 1hrow^l largely upon their own resources, the in- structors acting, so far as possible, as "guides' and counselors. Not many, but the best students, men or women, are sought; and to aid these, ten scholarships and twenty fellowships have been established, ranging in value from .$100 to $000. Instruction is intrusted in some degree to the fellows, and also to the docents (see DocENT), the latter representing the highest academic uni- A-ersity appointments. Tlie library, collected for the specialized requirements of each dejiart- ment, numbers some 20.000 volumes and 1500 pamphlets. I'pon the death of ^Mr. Clark in 1900. the universitv received a bequest of .f2.500.000 for the establishment of an imder- graduate department, to be conducted upon the same general jjlan, so far as feasible, as that of the ]>ost-graduate department. This collegiate department was organized in 1902 with Carroll Davidson Wright (q.v,). United States Commis- sioner of l>abor. as president. To what extent Clark University has contributed to the higher education of the country may be judged from tlie fact that within ten years from its founda- tion its students and graduates |)ublished not less than 500 works, memoirs, and monographs. Three journals, furthermore, are regularly pub- lished by the university: these are the American ■lournal of Psi/eholoi/i). the Pirdariotiieal Semi- nary, and the Malhrm<itical Revirtc. The presi- dent of the university since its inception, ami to whom its development must in large measure be ascribed, is Oranville Stanley Hall (q,v.), formerly professor of psychology in Johns Hop-