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IBN JANACH. 421 IBRAIL. the former liuving been puWislieil by B. Gold- ber;; (Frankfort, 1856) ; the latter by V. Bacher (Leipzig, 188!)). He also wrote several minor grammatieal treatises (pul)lislied by J. and H. Uerenbourg, Paris, 1880). in which he defended his views and those of Hajyug against attacks, and also amplified the grammatical treatises of the latter. Ibn Janach was also interested in philosophical questions, and strenuously oi)po.sed the speculations of Ibn Gebirol and other men of the day on the relation of God to the world, on the ground that they led to disbelief. Con- sult Bacher, Leben und Werke des Abulwalid ilerwan ibn Qanach {Leipzig, 1885). IBN KHALDtnr, ib'n Kal-doon', Abd ar-Rah- UAN (1332-1400). An Arabic historian, born ut Tunis, of a family from Seville. He early entered the public service, first in Tunis, then under the ruler of Fez. In 1362, under the Sultan of Granada, he carried on negotiations for peace with Pedro of Castile; in 1374 was imprisoned in Northern Africa, where he was intriguing, but returned home in 1378. Four years afterwards he set out for Mecca; on his way stayed three years in Egypt, whither he returned after the pilgrimage, and where he lived for a few years before he took service under Timur in Syria. His historical work is the first among the Arabs to leave the annalistie method, and the introduction especially is con- ceived in a philosophic manner. Besides this introduction, edited by Quatrem&re (Paris. 1858), and translated into French by De Slane (Paris, 1862-68), the work has two main divisions — the history of the eastern caliphate, partly edited, with Latin translation. Ibn Khalduni Narratio dr Expeditionibus Francorum, by Tornberg ■ (1840), and the account of the Berbers and the dynasties of North Africa, edited and trans- lated into French by De Slane (Paris, 1862). Consult Kremer, Ibn Chaldttn und seine Kulturge- schichte dcr islamischen Tolker (Vienna, 1879). IBN KHAIiLIKAN, Ib'n Ka'le-kiin', Shams ad-Din Ahmeu (1211-82). An Arabic hii*torian, born at Arbela, of the family of the Barmecides. He held important offices in Cairo and in Da- mascus, where lie died. His most important work is a biographical dictionary, a very important source of knowledge of Arabian literature and its history from the eighth century to his own time. It is edited by Wiistenfeld (Giittingen, 1840-65), and translated into English by Mac- Guckin de Slane (London, 1842-71). IBN KOTEIBA, ib'n ku-ta'eba. Aboall^vii (828-C.889). An Arabic philologist and historian. He wa.s born probably at Bagdad or Kufa, and for some time held liigh judicial offices at Dt- naVcr. Later he was a teacher in Bagdad, and died there. Of his works, the most important are: Adab al-Kutib, mainly pliilological, and of great value on literary style and on antit|uitic9, of which S]iroull puldished a part as lii Extract fro>n Ibn Kotciba's Adiib al-Ki'itib (1877), and which was edited by Griinert ( 1000) ; a collection of biographies of the Arabian ])octs, of which only the introduction has been published, by Kit- tershausen, with Dutch translation ( 1875) ; Kutib al-tna-Arif, an outline of history for prac- tical use, edited by Wiistenfeld (18.50); and TJiiun al nklibur, a treatise upon government, war, nobility, character, science, friendship, food, women, and other topics, edited by Brockelmann (Weimar. ISOS). IBN-ROSHD, Ib'n rosh't. See Avebboes. IBN SAYIG, Ib'n sieg'. See Avempace. IBN SINA, ib'n se'na. See Avicenna. IBN TOPHAIL, ib'n to'fi-el. See Abu-Bekr MOIIA-MMKI) lliX TOPHAIL. IBN ZOAR, Ib'n zfir, or IBN ZOHB. See AVEXZOAK. IBOS, e'boz. Dominant negro people of the Niger Delta. Slaves from this region formerly were called 'Ibo.' Their language is akin to the Ewe and the T.shi. IBRAHIM, e'bri-hem' (1615-48). An Otto- man Sultan, third son of Ahmed I. On the death (1640) of his brother, Amurath IV., whose cru- elty he had escaped by feigning madness, he came to the throne. His short reign was filled with ex- cess, debauchery, and prodigality. In 1645 he attacked the island of Crete, which was then un- der the control of Venice, but did not live to fin- ish this war, which was the result of an intrigue in his harem. His government was so cruel and the taxes so oppressive that in 1648 the Jani- zaries rebelled and dethroned him, and strangled him a few days later. IBRAHIM, OU L'lLLTJSTRE BASSA, e'braii'N' Do le'li.is'tr' ba'. A romance by Made- moiselle de Scudfry, originally published under the name of her brother (1641). IBRAHIM PASHA, C'hra-hem' pA-sha' ( 1789- 1848) . An Egyptian general. He was the adopt- ed son of Mehemet Ali (q.v.). Governor and subsequently Viceroy of Egv'pt, and was born at Kavala, in the Province of Saloniki, in Euro- pean Turkey. In 1816 he led an army into Arabia, and in the course of three years over- threw the Wahabi power in Western Arabia and in Nejd. During the War of Greek Independence he was dispatched at the head of a powerful fleet and a finely disciplined land force to the aid of the Turks in the Morea. In 1825 he stormed Navarino and Tripolitza, and in the following year took Missolonghi. after a long siege. The destruction of the Turkish-Egj'ptian fleet in the harlior of Navarino, October 20. 1827, and the landing of a French force, led to the evacuation of the Morea by Ibrahim in September of the following year. As the result of a dispute with the Pasha of Acre, an Egj-ptian army under Ibrahim invaded Syria in 1831. stormed Acre, May 27, 1832, and" defeated the Turkish forces at Homs, Beilan, and Konieh. By tlic Treaty of Kutayali, Jlay 14. 1833. Mehemet Ali received ])ossession of Syria, while Ibrahim was made Governor of Cilieia. War with the Porte broke out again in 1839. and on June 24th of that year Ibrahim overwhelmed the Turkish army at Nisib. near the Euphrates. Only the inter- ference of the Great Powers saved the Porte from the victorious armies of Mehemet .i. Ibrahim was forced to evacuate Syria in 1S40 and to re- turn to Egypt, suffering the most severe hard- ships on his march through the desert. He died at Cairo. November 10. 1848. after acting for .some months as Regent during the incapacity of Alehemet .■Mi. His son. Ismail Pasha (q.v.), sub- sequent!}' became Khedive of Egj-pt. IBRAII,, f-brii'M. See Bbaila.