Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/331

LINEN. 295 LINGA. the finest kinds of linen cloth made, the French are unrivaled. In the ordinary kinds of linen those of Ireland, especially, are remarkable for their excellence, and this trade is a very im- portant one in that country, while in Scotland a large trade in the coarser and inferior kinds has been established. The manufacture in the American colonies was of slow growth, outside of families, but as early as 1731 brown holland was produced in Massachusetts. In 1809 the Legislature of Kentucky petitioned Congress to protect the linen industry of the United States, claiming that Kentucky already sup])lied the greater part of the cotton country with baling linen, and could easily raise hemp enough for tlie entire Union. Flax is reduced to thread by spreaders, draw- ing and roving frames, and finally by carding and spinning, in the same general manner as other fibres. (See Spinning.) But while coarse thread is spim dry, like that of cotton, wool, and silk, the finer thread has to be spun wet. The temperature of the water used is about 120° F. The chief kind of linen manufactured, besides yarn and thread, is lawn ( Fr. linon) the finest of flax manufactures, formerly exclusively a French production ; but very fine lawns, such as cambric, damask, and diaper, are now made else- where. Of the finer plain fabrics, sheetings are the most important. Common sheeting and toweling are extensively manufactured in Scotland, and the latter to a moderate extent (6,040,802 square yards, valued at .$752,891 in 1900) in the TTnited States. Ducks, huckabacks, osnaburgs, crash, and tick (corrupted from ticken and dekkcn. Dutch for cover) are very coarse and heavy materials, some fully bleached, others unbleached or nearly so. They are chiefly made in Scotland, and also at Leeds and Barnsley in England. Varieties of velvet and velveteen are also made of flax and much linen yarn is used as warp. Linen is often mixed with' jute or with cotton, each of which, on account of its greater cheapness, has usurped the place of linen in certain branches of tex-tile manufacture. Indeed, there has been in recent years a marked decline in the production of fla.x and manufacture of linen in most European coun- tries. Linen Goods, Kind. Quantity, and Valce of PRODUCTa Manufactured in the United .States in 1900 From Twelfth United States Census Quantity Value Flax or hemp .yarn. tow.. ..pounds 4.178.117 $556,392 Flax or hemp yarn, line •232,426 63,078 Twine all flax " 1.6.58.4:18 765,122 366,998 Twine, all hemp " 124.516 Linen thread " 3.921.044 2,315.287 Toweling, all linen sq. yards 4.598.616 471,633 Toweling, partl.v linen.... " 2,051,247 281,258 Other woven fabrics, all linen " 83,000 9,110 Other woven fabrics. 135,000 34.000 162.603 3,284 Total $1,368,159 The manufacture of linen fabrics in the United States is practically confined to the making of thread, twine, and toweling. In 1900 eighteen establishments were engaged in linen manufac- ture, as agahist five in 1890. The output of these establishments is not only pure linen, but com- binations with hemp, jnte, or cotton. The capital invested in these linen factories in 1900 was .$5,088,999, and the value of the product $4,:{(i8,- 1.59. This product is distributed as shown in the aceonii)anying table . LINEN WEDDING. Sec Wedui.nu A.nxi- EH.SAU1ES. LINE OF SIGHT, Line of Depabtube. See Bali.i.stic«. LINES OF FORCE, Electric. Sea Elec- TKKirv. LINES OF FORCE, Magnetic. See Maqnet- IS.M. LING (MDutch linghe, lenghe, Dutch leig, (icr. Luni/c, Leng, ling, from AS. Uing, Goth. laggs, OH(L, Ger. lung: connected with Lat. longua, UChurch Slav, dliigu, Lith. Ugas, OPers. drwiiga, Skt. dirghu, long). An important species of cod, Moiva molva, abundant throughout the Northern European seas, and in value almost rivaling the cod. In form it is nuuh more elon- gated than the cod, has two dorsal fins and one anal fin, and has a barbel at the extremity of the lower jaw. The ling is generally three or four feet long, sometimes more, and has been kno« n to weigh 70 pounds. The color is gray, in- clining to olive; the belly, silvery; the fins edged with white. The ling is a very voracious fish, feeding chiefly on smaller fishes. It is also very prolific, and deposits its spawn in .June, in soft oozy ground near the mouths of rivers. It is found chiefly where the bottom of the sea is rocky. Great numljers are caught in the same manner as cod, by hand-lines and long lines, and are sent to the markets in the form of 'stockfish.' In the Lfnited States the fresh-water cod (holii maculosa) is known about Lake Ontario by this name. See BnBBOT. LING. A plant of the genus Erica. See Heath. LING, Peiir Henrik (1770-1839). A Swed- ish poet and inventor of the Swedish form of gymna.sties, born at Ljunga, in the Province of Smaland. Of an adventurous spirit, as a young man he traveled through Germany and France. In 1805 he was made fencing-master at the University of Lund, in 1813 teacher of fencing at the military school of Karll)erg. few years later he went to Stockholm and founded there a gymnastic institute, of which he remained di- rector until his death. He received the title of professor in 1825, and was elected member of the Swedish Academy ten years later. His poetic works were addressed to the patriotism of the Swedes, and in them he dramatized the whole of Swedish history. He played the part in Sweden that Turnvaler Jahn did in Germany. Some of his works are: Gylfe, an allegorical poem (1812); the dramas Agne (1812) and Eylif (1814); the Epos Asarne (1816-20): and Engehrecht Engelbrechtson (1819). a drain.1. Liiig bestowed much thought and labor upon his profession and developed his g>-mnastic exercises, which at first were simply a means of strengthen- ing the body, into a system of movements which became known as the Swedish movemcut cure, extensively used in* the treatment of many ciironic diseases. See the article Movement CtRE. LINGA, Itn'gft (Skt., symbol). In the secta- rian worship of the Hindus, the emblem of the