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LIVINGSTON. 356 LIVINGSTONE. after the arrival of Monroe, were carried to a successful conclusion. He was associated with Fulton in the application of steam to navigation; gave his attention to the practice of scientific agriculture, publishing an ICssay on Ayriculture (IsOO), and an Essay on Hheep (180'J), intro- duced the merino breed of sheep into western Kew York, and was instrumental in introducing the use of gpsuin as a fertilizer. He served on a commissio"n to adjust the boundary of New York State, and for a time was president of the American Academy of the Fine Arts, of which he was one of the principal founders. Consult Del'eyster, Bioyruphical Sketch of Kobcit It. Livingston (New York, 1876). LIVINGSTON, William (1723-90). An American lawyer and patriot, Governor of New Jersey from iVtG to 1790. He was born at Al- bany.' N. Y.. the son of Philip, the second Lord of iJvingston Manor. He graduated at Yale in 1741 and studied law in New York City, where he was admitted to practice in 1748, and where in a few years he became one of the leading lawyers in the city. In 1700 he purchased a large estate at Elizabethtown, N. J., where he built a mansion, which he named 'Liberty Hall.' He was known as 'the Presbyterian lawyer,' and ardently ojiposed the instiiution of Episcopal dioceses in .merica in the liulcprndent Reflector, a weekly paper which he established in 1752. He was president of the 'Moot,' a famous law club in New York, and was a frequent contributor to the American ^yhig, and the author of numerous abb' pamphlets defending the rights of the Colo- nies. In li72 he gave up most of his law prac- tice and retired to his New .Jersey estate. With tlie exception of three terms in the New York Provincial Legislature as representative of his brother Philip's manor, he had no public of- fice until his election to the Continental Con- gress in 1774. -At first niucli opposed to the idea of separation from the mother country, he became convinced at last that that was the only possible course, and championed it with enthusiasm. He was reele<ted to the Second and Tliird Congresses, and in .Tune. 1776, was made commander-in-chief of the New .Jersey militia. In August, 1770, he was elected Governor of New .Jersey, and, re- signing his military command, remained in office until his death. Throughout the war his services were of the greatest value to Washington and the American cause, and he ranks as one of the most elTicient of the 'war Governors' of the Revo- lution. He was a member of the convention which drew up the Constitution of 1787. and signed that document. With William Smith. .Jr., be [irep.Tred a Digest of the Linrs of Sew York, 16!U- 11112. Consult Theodore Sedgwick, Jr., Life and Letters of William Livingston (New York, 18.33). LIVINGSTONE, liv'ing-ston. D.^1D (I8I3- 73). An African missionary and explorer, born at Blantyre in L.inarkshire, Scotland. March 19, 1813. At the age of ten he began work in a cotton factory, and spent some ten years as an operator, educating himself by private study and attending an evening school. In this manner he gained some knowledge of J^atin and Greek, and finally, after pursuing a course in medicine at Anderson College. Glasgow, and listening to the theological lectures of Dr. Wnrdlnw, professor of theolog^• to the Scotch Independents, he offered his services to the London Missionary Society, bv whom he was ordained as a medical mission- ary in 1840, and sent to South Africa, where he coinmenced his labors among the natives of Bcchuanaland and the vast regions to the north. He secured the friendship and coiip<'ration of the native chiefs, planted posts far beyond the civil- ized frontier, and systematically studied the languages and customs of the natives in order to establish a method of utilizing their cM'orts for their own civilization. In 1849 he pushed north- ward far beyond the Tropic of Capricorn, and on August 1st discovered Lake Ngami. In 1852 he set out on a fresh expedition which brought him to the Zambezi, a river at that time barely known to Europeans. He explored the upper course of the stream, thence struck out westward, and in 1854 reached Loonda on the Atlantic Gccan. He then made his way back to the Zaml)ezi, and achieved the traverse of the continent by follow- ing that stream to its mouth in tlie Indian 0<can, which he re.iched in 1856. On this jour- ney he discovered the Victoria Falls, the grandest cataract in the Old World. From Quilimane he sailed, in the beginning of 1856, for England, where he was overwlielmed with honors. In 1857 Livingstone published his Missionnry Travels and Researches in tioiilh Africa. In the same year he severed his connection with the London Missionary Society, and in 1858 was appointed British Consul at" Quilimane for the East Coast of Africa, and also commander of an expedition to explore Eastern and Central Africa. He as- cended the Shire, the lowermost of the large affluents of the Zambezi, and discovered Lake Shirwa and Lake Nyassa (September 16, 1859). A narrative of the discoveries. The Zambesi and Its Tributaries, was published during a visit paid to England in 1864-65. In the latter part of 1865 Livingstone returned to Africa to organize an expedition to discover the true source of the Nile. Early in 1866 he started for the interior by way of the Eovuma, and nothing was heard of him for two years. Livingstone's problem was, then, to determine whether the Zambezi joined the Nile or was a tributary of the Congo. At the beginning of 1867 he came to the Chambesi, a stream traversing in a southwesterly direction the region south of I^ake Tanganyika, the end of which great body of water he reached in .April, 1867. In his endeavors to penetrate farther into the continent he was continually thwarted by inun<lations. by the hostility of the slave-dealers —both native" and Arab — and by the want of supplies, which were constantly delayed and plun- dered, lie nevertheless pressed on. discovered the Luapula (1867), and Lakes Mweru and Bang- weolo. He arrived at Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika in 1869. where he remained for some time before setting out on an extended exploration of the region to the west of the northern part of that lake. In 1871 he stood on the shores of the Congo at Nyangwe, but his previous explorations had not covered the ground sufficiently to admit of his being assured Ihat the stream before him must be the Congo. Returning to Ujiji amid great privations and sufi'erings, he was (Novem- ber 10, 1871) met l)y a relief party, under H. M. Stanley, sent out by James Gordon Bennett, of the New Yoric UeralfJ. Livingstone renewed his stock of medicines and supplies, and, after exploring the northern end of Lake Tanganyika with Stan- ley, he parted from him in March, 1872, and pro-