Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/401

LIVINGSTONE. 357 LIVONIA. cceded to continue his explorations in the Lua- pula-Lualaba basin, hoping to solve the Nile- (.'ongo problem. The great explorer was exhaust- ed by continued hardship and privation, and died en May 1, 1873, at the village of Tshitambo, a friendly chief, on the shore of Lake Bangweolo. His native followers cut out his heart and buried it at the foot of the tree beneath whose branches he died, cutting a rough inscription on the trunk to mark the spot. In 1898 Mr. Sharpe, the Brit- ish administrator for this district, visited the spot and observed that the tree was rapidly de- caying. He raised a subscription in England and procured a substantial stone monument, which now marks the spot. The section of the tree containing the inscription was cut out and sent to the rooms of the Royal Geographical Society in London, where it is preserved. The body was taken to England, and on April 18, 1874, was buried in Westminster Abbey. Livingstone's work in exploration is marked by rare precision and by a breadth of observation which will forever make it a monument to the name of one of the most intrepid travelers of the nineteenth century. His activity embraced the field of the geographer, naturalist, and benefactor of mankind, and it can justly be said that his labors were the first to lift the veil from the 'Dark Continent.' Besides the works above mentioned by Liv- ingstone, there was published, in 1874, Tlie Last Jountuls of David Livingstone, from ISG-J to His Dfiith, edited by Horace Walter (London). For other accounts, see Stanley. Hoiv I Found Liv- ingstone (London, 1872) ; Blaikie, Persmwl Life of David Livingstone (1882); Hughes, David Livingstone, in "Men of Action Series" (London, 1891) ; Johnston, Livingstone and the Explora- tion of ('entral Africa (London, 1897). LIVINGSTONE RIVER. A name applied to the Congo River (q.v. ). LIVINGSTON MANOR. A tract of land in New York State, east of the Hudson River, and occupying the northern part of the present Dutchess County, acquired by Robert Livingston about 1674. The title was confirmed by patent by Governor Hunter in 1715, at which time the tract was computed to cover 160.240 acres. In 17.52, the third proprietor. Robert Livingston, was disturbed by the encroachments of !Mass;i- chusetts and complained to Governor Clinton, after which the settlement of the State boun- daries secured the quiet possession of the manor until 1795. In that year eflforts were made by the tenants to have the title declared invalid, and in 1844 the tenants petitioned the Legislature to set aside the grant. Both attempts were unsuc- cessful, but were accompanied by so much dis- turbance that the owners, to avoid annoynnce, gradually iiermitted the greater part of the lands to be acquired by individual holders. LIVITJS AN'DRONI'CtrS. The father of Roman dramatic and epic poetry. He was a Greek by birth, probably a native of Tarentum, and flourished in the second half of the third cen- tury B.C. He was made captive in one of the Roman campaigns in Southern Italy, and brought to Rome, where he became a slave of M. Livius Salinator. who afterwards freed him and gave him his name LivAus. He learned Latin and be- came a teacher and author. He translated the Odyssey into Latin Saturnian verse, and wrote tragedies, comedies, and hymns after Greek models. Mere fragments are extant, of which a collection may be found in Diintzer's Livii An- dronici Fragmentu VoUecla ct Illustrala (Berlin, 1835) ; Baehrens's Fragmenta Poetarum Uoma- norum (Leipzig, 1886) ; and Ribbeck's Hcwnicce liomanorum Poesis Fragmenta (I^eipzig, 3d ed., 1897-98). LIVNY, lyev'ni. The capital of a district of Livny, in the Government of Orel, Russia, situ- ated on the Sosna, 95 miles southeast of Orel (Map: Russia, E 4). It has a real gymnasium, two libraries, and a municipal bank. Its chief products are leather, tallow, soap, flour, and tobacco. Grain is the principal article of trade. Livny was founded in 1586. Population, in 1897, 20,600. LIVONIA, ll-vo'ni-a (Ger. Livland) . The middle one of the Baltic Provinces (q.v.) of Russia, bounded by the Government of Esthonia on the north. Saint Petersburg (between which and Livonia is Lake Peipus), Pskov, and Vitebsk on the east, Courland on the south, and the Gulf of Riga and the Baltic on the west (Map: Rus- sia, C 3). Area, 18,800 square miles, of which the islands of Oesel, Mohn, Runii, etc., occupy 1100 square miles. The portion of Livonia west of Lake Wirzjiirw along the Gulf of Riga is flat and rather low. The eastern part of the province is mainly hilly and readies in its high- est point Munna Mliggi (which also is the high- est point of the Baltic Provinces), an altitude of 1060 feet. This part of Livonia is noted for its picturesqueness. It abounds in lakes and is traversed by numerous rivers, the most promi- nent of which are the Aa. the DUna, the Pernau, and the Embach. The climate is raw and un- steady; about one-fourth of the entire area is covered with forests. Agriculture and stock- raising are the leading industries, but the agri- cultural conditions in Livonia difTer greatly from those prevailing in other parts of Russia. The feudal sy.stem introduced by the German con- querors practically came to an end in 1819 when the serfs of the province were emancipated by the Russian Government, but not endowed with land (as was subsequently the case in the rest of Russia), for the land was granted in perpetuity to its ex-feudal possessors. As a result of this arrangement, the larger part of the agricultural land of the province is in large estates owned by the nobility; the remainder is divided between tiie State, Church, and the smaller landholders. The large estates are worked by the most modern methods: excellent stock is raised on a large scale both for slaughtering and dairying; the dairy products are exported to a considerable extent. The manufactures, v:ilued at more than $33,000,000 annually, are trimmed lumber, wag- ons, rubber articles, oil, paper, iron products, chemicals, porcelain ware. tob;icco products, etc. The centre of industrial activity is the capital and chief port of Riga (q.v.). Population, in 1897. 1,300,640. The inhabitants are largely Letts and Esthonians. The population of the cities is made up largelv of Germans, with some Russians and Jews. Over 80 per cent, are Lutherans and the rest Greek Catholics. Roman Catholics, and Jews. Dorpat (Yuriev) is the seat of a famous universitv. Livonia was conquered by the Teu- tonic Knights and the Knights Swordbearers in the thirteenth century. When the power of the