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LOWELL. 500 LOWELL. public library of over C.5.000 volumes, Saint John's llobijital. Lowell Hospital, Lowell Gen- eral Hospital, Old Ladies' Home, Ayer Home for Young Women and Children, and the Theodore Edson Orphanage. Lowell is one of the greatest textile manufac- turing cities in the United States. It derives immense water-power from the falls of the ilerri- niac River (32 feet), and that allurded by the Concord is also utilized bj' several mills, though steam is largely employed in many important plants. The textile establisliments include cotton, woolen, worsted, knitting, hosiery, felt, and carpet mills, and bleaching and dyeing works. Other e.- tensive manufactures are cartridges, machinerj', various kinds of tools, and patent medicines. The government is vested in a mayor, annually elected, who appoints the board of police and, with the consent of the council, the board of liealth, li- brary and cemetery trustees, and registrars of voters; and a bicameral council which controls elections of all other administrative officials ex- cept the chief of department of supplies, school committee, and overseers of the poor, all of whom are chosen by popular election. Lowell spends annually, in maintenance and operation, over .$1,. 300,000, the principal items of expendi- ture being about .$325,000 for schools, .$135,000 for the police department, $120,000 for hospitals, asylums, almshouses, etc., $115,000 for the fire department, and .$85,000 each for municipal light- ing and for the water-works. The city owns and operates the water- works, which were built in 1873 at a cost of over .$2,850,000, the entire sys- tem now comprising 128 miles of mains. Popula- tion, in 18.30. 0474; in 1850, .33,383; in 1870. 40,928; in 1880, 50.475; in 1890. 77.696; in 1900, 94,969, including 40,974 persons of foreign birth and 136 of negro descent. Lowell was founded by the 'ilerrimac Manufac- turing Company' in 1822. and named after Fran- cis C. Lowell ( q.v. ) . The village grew very rapidly from the first. In 1820 it was incor- porated as a town and ten years later was char- tered as a city. Consult: Ilhistriitcd Hisfor)/ of Lcnrell, Massachusells (Lowell, 1897) : Drake, History of Middlesex County (Boston, 1880). LOWELL, Abbott Lawrence (1856—). An American publicist, born in Boston, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1877 and at the Har- vard Law- School in 1880, after which he prac- ticed law in Boston until 1897. From 1897 to 1899 he was a lecturer on government in Har- vard University, and in the latter year was elected to the newly established professorship of the science of government in that institution. His publications include: Transfer of Stork in Cor- porations (1884), with Francis C. Lowell; Es- says on Government (1889); Government and Parties in Continental Europe (2 vols., 1896). recognized as the best single work on the Euro- pean governments in the English language; and Colonial Civil Service ( 1900) . LOWELL, Charles (1782-1861). An Ameri- can minister. He was born in Boston, studied at Andover. and was graduated at Harard in 1800; he studied law and afterwards theology', spending two years in Edinburgh. In 1806 he was settled over the West Church (Congrega- tional) in Boston, with which he remained con- nected till his death. When the controversy be- tween the orthodox and the Unitarians arose he refused to join either party, or to take a sec- tarian name, and did what he could to prevent a division. His church became Unitarian. His health declining, after 1837 he preached only occasionally. He was a graceful and forcible rather than a learned orator, and was a zealou- opponent of slavery. He published two volume- of sermons (1855), and devotional books. He was the father of James Russell Lowell and Robert Traill Spence Lowell. LOWELL, CiiAHLEs Rls.sell (1835-64). An .American soldier. He was born in Boston; grad- uated at Harvard in 1854; spent some time in Europe; engaged in business on his return; and in 1861, soon after the outbreak of the Civil War, entered the Federal .rmy. He served throughout the Peninsular campaign, as captain on Oeneral McClellan's start'. He then organizi-l the Second ^Massachusetts Cavalry, of which li became colonel in April, 1863; and subsequently, as commander of a cavalry l)rigade, he fought various engagements with Mosby's Confederate troops and served with marked efficiency undf-r Sheridan in the Shenandoah "alley. For ser- vices in this latter campaign he was promoted to be brigadier-general in October, 1864. Early in the battle of Cedar Creek he was woundcil. but refused to retire from the field, and in tin- moment of victory received additional wound - which proved fatal. LOWELL, Edward .Jackso.x (1845—). An American historian. He was born in Boston, ilass., and graduated at Harvard in 1867. -Vfter several years spent in study and travel in Europe he returned to America and began the practice of law in Boston, finally abandoning his profe- sion to devote himself to literary work. Hi-i first published work of importance was The Hessians and Other German Aiixiliarirs of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War ( 1884). Among his other publications are: The Eve of the French Revolution (1893): the chapter on 'Diplomacy of the American Revolution," in Winsor, Xarrative and Critical History of Amer- ica (Boston, 1886-89); and numerous magazine and review articles. LOWELL, Fraxcls C.bot (1775-1817). An American merchant and manufacturer, the founder of the cotton-manufacturing industry in America. He was born in Boston, the son of .fudge .Tohn Lowell (q.v.), graduated at Harvard in 1793. and entered upon a mercantile career in Boston. While traveling in England he became convinced that cotton manufacture could be profitably car- ried on in America, and during the War of 1812. when the necessity for cotton cloth became press ing. he had cotton-looms constructed from bl- own models and started some cotton-mills, first at Waltham and later on the Merrimac River at a place since named Lowell in his honor. LOWELL, .LMES Ri-.ssELi, (1819-91). A distinguished American poet, essayist, and diplo- mat. He was born at Cambridge. Mass.. Feb- ruary 22. 1819, and died there August 12. 1891. The family had long been eminent in and about Boston, where his father, the Rev. Charles Lowell, was minister of a Unitarian church. He entered Harvard College, where all his male ancestors in the direct line seem to have studied, in his six- teenth year, and was poet of his class on its graduation; his poem was anonymously printed in 1838. He then entered the law school of the