Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/609

LUNGAHNO. 543 LTJPEECALIA. bordering the Arno on eitlier side at Florence. The different parts bear various names, the best known being the Lungarno Acciajuli, between the Ponte Veeehio and the Ponte S. Trinita, a section of jewelers. The same name is given to corresponding streets at Pisa. LTJNG-CHOW, liiiig'chou'. A walled town in the Province of Kwangsi, China, situated at the confluence of the Sung-chi and the Kao-ping rivers, a short distance from the frontier of Tongking (Map: China, 7). It is a military station of some importance and has a consider- able Chinese garrison. It was opened to French commerce in 1889, but so far its trade is in- significant. The town is connected by telegraph lines with Canton. Jli^ng-tsze, and Tongking. A railway line from Lang-son in Tongking to Lung- chow is being constructed (1003) Iw the French. The population is estimated at over 20,000. LUNGE, lung's, George (1839—). A German chemist. He was born at Breslau; studied there and at Heidelberg; and was engaged in Germany and England, especially at South Shields (1867), as chemist in the distillation of coal-tar and the manufacture of soda. In 1876 he was elected professor of chemistry in the Zurich Polytechnic. He wrote: Industrie dcs Htchil;ohlen1cers und Ammoiiiaks (1867; 4th ed. 1000); Handbnch der Sodaimhixtrie (1870-80; 2d ed. 1803-95); Taschenhuch fiir Sodafahrikation (1883; 3d ed. 1900): Siilphiinc Acid and Allciili (1879-80; 2d ed. 1891-90) ; Coal-Tar and Ammonia (1882: 3d ed. 1900) ; Alkali Maker's Handbook (with Hurter. 1884: 2d ed. 1891): and Chemisch- teehnische rntrmiichunfis-ilethoden (1899-1900). LUNG FEVER. A disease of domestic ani- mals. See Plei-ropneumonia. LUNGFISH. A dipnoid fish, so named be- cause of the presence of air-breathing organs in addition to gills. Their representatives were much more numerous in Paleozoic times (see CoccosTEUS ; DiPTERU.s, and other names of fos- sil dipnoans) than at present, when the New Zealand Ceratodus, the African Protopterus, and the South American Lepidosiren alone repre- sent the group. See Dipxoi (and its plate) ; Mudfish; Barramuxda. LUNG-WORMS (AS. Uinfjen, OHG. lungunna, Ger. Lunqe. lung; connected with AS. Uoht, Uht, IVit, Goth, leihts. OHG. liliti, Wit, Ger. leicht, Lat. levis, Gk. cXaxi'S, elachi/s, Lith. leng- irus, Skt. lat/hii, raifhu, light, not heavy). Slen- der, round worms of the species Strongylus fila- ria, Htrongylus rufesccns, and Pseudalins ovis, which sometimes infest the lungs and bronchi of sheep and cause a serious disease. When the worms are found in the bronchi the disease is sometimes known as verminous bronchitis or hoose. The chief symptoms of the disease are fits of coughing and sneezing, accompanied by discharges from the nostrils. Infected animals move about with the neck outstretched, rub the nose on the ground, and breathe with difficulty. A pronounced diarrhoea may also appear and hasten the usual emaciation. The wool becomes loose and may be shed. Tlie skin appears white and bloodless. Avhiclr gives the disease the popular names 'white-skin' and 'paper-skin.' The lung- worms infest sheep, catde. and hogs, and the dis- ease is most prevalent in years with a wet sum- mer preceded liy a moderate winter. ^Yater is the usual source of infestation. Aff'eeted ani- mals should be sejjarated from healthy ones, and all animals should be placed on dry pastures with pure water-supply. Infected calves or sheep inay be confined in a close shed, and made to inhale chlorine gas or sulphur fumes. Good results have also lx;en obtained in the treatment of calves by injecting lx;tween the rings of the trachea a mi.xture of equal parts of turpentine and sweet oil, to which a few droi>s of carbolic acid have been added. Consult: Ohio Experi- ment Station liulktiii 01; Arkansas Experiment . Citation liuUclin So. LUNGWORT, or Oak-Lu.ngs (Jung + icort, AS. wyrt, Goth, uuiirls, OHG. icurz, Ger. Wurz, root ])lant; connected with Lat. radix, Gk. ^doa/i- ►os, rhadamnos, bough), Hticta pulmonaria. A lichen with an olive-green, foliaceous, leathery spreading thallus (pale brown when dry), found on trunks of trees in mountainous regions in Xorth America and European countries, some- times almost entirely covering them. It has been used as a remedy for pulmonary dis- eases, but when properly prepared is more com- monly used as a light diet similar to Iceland moss, for which it is sometimes substituted; yet it is bitter enough to be used instead of hops. It yields a good brown dye. Its name is derived from the fancied resemblance of its corrugated spotted thallus to the lung. The name lungwort is also given to a genus of phanerogamous plants (Pulmonaria), of the natural order Boraginaceoc. The lungwort {Pulmonaria o/}icinalis) common in some parts of Europe has ovate leaves and purple flowers, and was formerly employed in Uuig diseases, but is now used in the north of Europe only as a pot-herb. LUNT, George (1803-85). An American poet and journalist, born in Newburyport, Mass. Lunt was graduated at Harvard in 1824, taught in the Newburyport High School, and was soon after admitted to the Essex bar (1827). He served in the State Legislature and in the Whig National Convention of 1848. President Taylor made him United States District Attorney. Later he resumed the practice of law and edited for a time the Boston Courier. In later years he was a "Democrat. He died in Boston. He wrote sev- eral vnUunes of poems and essays. LU'PERCA'LIA (Lat. nom. pi., from Luper- cus, name of a deity, he who wards off wolves, from lupus, wolf + arccre, to ward off). A festi- val among the ancient Romans, held on February 15', in honor of Faunus. an old Italian god of the herds and fertility. The Lupcrcal was a cave on the Palatine sacred to the god. and it is sig- nificant that the priesthood formed two bands, one said to be restricted to the Quinctii of the Palatine, the other to the Fabii of the Quirinal. The god Lupercus seems to be purely an imagin- ary creation from a misinterpretation of the name of the festival. While the whole body of pontifices seem to have taken part in the festival, the chief role naturally fell to the Luperci. They sacrificed a goat and a dog. after which two young men were touched on the forehead with the bloody knife; the mark was then washed away with wool dipped in milk, upon which the youths were obliged to laugh aloud. The Luperci then, naked but for a goatskin about the loins, and holding in their hands strips of the skin of the slaughtered goat, ran around the foot of the Palatine, starting from the Lupercal, striking