Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/610

LUPERCALIA. 544 LTjR. the women they met across the palm of the hand with the leathern thongs, a proceeding which was believed to produce fertility and a safe delivery. The whole ceremony is obviously a ceremony of purification and atonement to produce the in- crease of the community and of its herds. IiXJPINE (Lat. lupinus, lujrinum, lupine, from lupinus, wolfish, from lupus, Gk. Mkos, lykos, Goth, iculfs, AS. xc'ulf, Eng., OHG. w(jlf, Ger. Wolf, OChurch Slav, vliihu, Lith. vitlcas, Skt. vrka, wolf; connected with Skt. vraic, to rend, (ik. IXwii', hell:citi, OChurch Slav. rUkati; to haul), Lupinus. A genus of annual and perennial herhs and half shrubs of the natural order Legimiinosae, natives of the Mediterranean region of temperate North and South Ameri- ca, about 90 species being indigenous to the United States, principally to the Rocky Moun- tains and Pacific Coast regions. Lupines were known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who cultivated them for their seeds and for green manuring, for which and for ornamental purposes they are in general cultivation in temperate re- gions. They .succeed best on light sandy loam soils, but fail on wet and calcareous soils or on sandy lands with a calcareous subsoil. Tlicy re- quire no careful preparation of the soil. The most important species are the white lupine {Lupinus albus) , the yellow lupine {Lupinus luteus) , and the blue lupine {Lupinus angus- LUPINE {Lxipinus subcarnosus), tif alius). The Texan species {Lupinus suhrnrno- sus) also merits cultivation. All species are rich in nitrogenous matter, and when plowed under they enrich the soil in the same manner as clover and other leguminous plants. On an average the fresh lupine forage has the following percentage composition: Water, 85.4; protein. 2.8; fat, 0.3; nitrogen-free extract, 6.2; crude fibre, 4.0; ash, 0.7. The average percentage composition of lupine hay follows: Water, 9..3; protein, 11.9; fat. .3.3; nitrogen-free extract, 40.3; crude fibre, 27.5; ash. 7.7. Lupine-seeds are rich in protein, the yellow considerably more than the blue variety. Yellow lupine seeds have the following percentage composition: Water, 14.0; protein, 38.2; fat, 4.4; nitrogen-free e.tract, 25.5; crude fibre, 14.1; and ash, 3.8. The seeds contain a bitter principle, said to be harmful to stock. They may be disembittered by repeated ex- traction with cold water. They are very digesti- ble. Sheep will learn to eat the seed before the bitter principle is removed. The use of lupine is not common in the United States, but is wide- spread in many regions of Europe. liUPTON, Thomas Goff (1791-1873). An English mezzo-tint engraver, born at Clerken- well. He was a pupil of George Clint, after- wards assistant to S. W. Reynolds, and he was one of the first to employ steel in his art. The Society of Arts awarded him a medal in 1822. His best work was done in seas and landscapes, and Ruskin gave high praise to his reproductions of Turner's liivcrs and Harbours of Knyland, which appeared about 182G. For Turner he made four of the Liber Htudiorum plates, displaying so fine and delicate a touch that they were es- teemed as among "the most famous works of en- graving that e.xist." LUPUS (Lat., wolf). A term denoting a form of tuberculosis of the skin appearing at first in small nodules. These nodules are of dark, reddish color, and are soft. They increase in size in time and sometimes form appreciable elevations while .starting beneath the surface. They may become absorbed or may break down and ulcerate. If, the nodules remain small and undergo no further evolution, the variety is termed lupus maculosus; when inflated and of considerable size, lupus lumidus; when shrunken and replaced by cicatrices, lupus cxfolintirus ; ■when the nodules are scattered about in disorder, lupus disseminalus; when they break down and ulcerate, lupus exulcerani or 'rodent ulcer.' The uleers are not painful, but they follow the lymph- channels and spread, tissue of all kinds, including muscle, cartilage, and bone, being involved in the destruction. Lupus of the face sometimes results in the lo.ss of the nose (a favorite starting-point of the disease) , the lips, the ears, and the cheeks. Frightful disfigurement results, and after the dis- ease has been checked extensive ])lastic opera- tions are necessary to restore the patient to an endurable condition. Next to the face, the ex- tremities are the most common seat of lupus, especially the forearms and legs. The mucous membranes may be attacked extensively. There are no drugs that cause the absorption of the neoplasm. Some favorable results have followed the use of Koch's tuberculin R. but it is still under experiment. Injections of thiosinamin were partially successful in the hands of Hebra. Finsen's phototherapy (q.v. ) has proved success- ftil in several cases, and the X-ray (q.v.) has also been successful. Curetting, scarification, excision, and caustics have each benefited some cases. The usual propln-laxis against tubercule infection must be rigidly observed. See Ti'Beecc- LO.sis. Consult: Hvde, Diseases of the fikin (Philadelphia, 6th " ed.. 1901); and Finsen, Phototherapy, trans, by Sequeira (London, 1901 ). LUR (Swed., Norw., Dan., trumpet, from Icel. ludr, hollowed piece of wood). An instrument made from birch-bark, and used by the shepherds of Scandinavia as the alpenhom is used in Switz- erland. Recently some bronze hirs of great an-