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MURRAY. 146 MURRAY. MURRAY, .Jamks Act.i.sTis Henry (1837 — ). A ilistinfniished Enjilish lexicofriapher, born at Doiiholiii, Roxl)iir>rlishire, .Sootland, in 18.37. After his elpnientaiv studies at home an<I in Edinburgh, he eontiiiued his work at London University. Havins: taught at llawiek, he became master of Mill llill School, near Lon- don, a position which he retained for fifteen years (1870-8.")). Already distinfniished as a scholar, he had been twice elected president of the Philological Society (1878-80, 1882-84). For that society he assumed, in 1870, the editorsliip of the yew English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the most exhaustive work in lexicography ever attempted in any language. In 1885 Dr. Murray moved from Mill Hill to Oxford, where his Scriptorium is a notable feature of the city. Be- fore beginning this work, lie had published many valuable monographs, and edited for the Early English Text Society the Minor Poems of .S'l'r Darid Li/ndrsay (1871) : the Complai/nt of «SVo<- land (1874): and the Ilomnnee and Proiihecics of Thomas Erceldounc (1875). In ISS4 ho re- ceived a civil list pension of £270. He has also been honored by degrees from English, Scotch, and German universities, . full account of the beginning of the dictionary and of its making is to be found in Dr. Miirray's address to the Philological Society (1870), See Dictionary. MURRAY, or MORAY, .Tames Stuart, Earl (if I 1531 ?-l,")70). A Scotch statesman. He was the natural son of James V.. of Scotland, and half-brother of ^Mary, Queen of Scots, Des- tined for an ecclesiastical life, he was educated from 1541 to l.i44 at Saint Andrews, and early received ecclesiastical benefices. He accompanied his sister Mary to France in 1548. returning the following year to gain as a youth military ex- perience and renown by driving a strong party of English from the coast with great loss. It is probable that he began to sympathize with Prot- estants as early as 15.52. and it is certain that he was an attendant on Knox's lectures in 1555, and joined with others in urging his return from Geneva the following year. From 1550 on he was the consist<'nt leader of the Scotch rcfnrmers, and after 1558 till his death he was the most powerful single factor in Scotch politics. He was present at Mary's marriage to the Dauphin of France, afterwards Francis II,, and was sent to France in 1501 to invite the widowed Mary, after the death of the Queen Kegent. to return to Scotland as its Queen, For a few years Lord .Tames Stuart, as Clary's chief minister and adviser, seemed to subordinate his own ambition to the good of S<'(itland, the preservation of his religion, the future union of England and Scotland, and the success of his sister's reign. In 1502 Mary created him Earl of Mar. and shortly after Earl of Murray. When it became evident that she would not be ac- knowledged by Elizabeth as her successor. Mary turned to a Catholic alliance, which forced Mur- ray to break with his sister, and a series of intrigues and cotinter-intrigues began, .t first, inclined to favor the marriage of Mary with Darnley. he soon saw that it meant Catholic supremacy, hence lie opposed it finally by an appeal to arms, but was defeated and forced to take refuge in England (15fi5), In 1500, after intriguing with Hothwell, professing at the same time friendship for Darnley, and being cognizant, at least, of the plan to murder Kizzio, Murray returned to Edinlnirgh to regain his power. For the moment out- wardly reconciled to his sister, he went to France, but returned shortly at the request of the lords, who had taken arms, to become Regent of the Kingdom, After Mary's escape from ])rison, he defeated her forces at Langside, near Glasgow, 1508, and on her flight to England he became one of the commissioners sent to that country to conduct the negotiations against her. Later, however, he urged Elizalietli to permit Mary to return to Scotland, but was assassinated in 1570 by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, before his plans had matured. He was a cold, ambitious ' man, endowed with great abilities, personally moral, but in politics without scruples. Consult authorities cited under M.aby Stuart, MURRAY, .John (1741-1815). The founder of the I iiivcrsalist body in America, He was born at Alton, England, December 10, 1741, At the age of eleven his parents removed to Cork, Ireland. He became a ilethodist under the preaching of Wesley and Whitefield, Having read a book by .Tames Relly, a L'nivcrsalist, he was led to adopt his views, and for this was excommunicated at 'hitefie!d's Tabernacle, London. Persecution for oinnion, ])ecuniary embarrassment, and grief for the loss of his wife, caused him to seek retire- ment in America, He preached his first sermon in America September 30, 1770, in a small church, in an obscure place in Xew .Jersey, called 'Good Jjuck.' Believing fully in the doctrine of universal salvation, he gave himself to earnest lab(U% first in New .Jersey and Xew York, after- wards in Xewport, Providence. Boston. Ports- mouth. Xorwich. and other jjlaces in Xew Eng- land. In 1774 he fi.xcd his residence in Glouces- ter, Mass., where he was represented as a Papist, and a secret emissary of Lord Xorth in the interest of the English ilinistry. He was abused, and by a vote ordered to leave the town, but the interference of powerful friends saved him. and he was allowed to remain. In 1775 he was appointed chaplain of a Rhode Island brigade encamped near Boston, HI healtli com- pelled him to leave the army, and he returned to Gloucester, where he was settled over a society of I'niversalists. He was instrumental in the organization of a convention of his sect, which met at Oxfmd. Mass,. September. 1785. and took the name of Independent Christian Universalists. In 17!>3 he was instalh'd pastor of a society of I'niversalists in Boston, where he remained till his death. September 3. 1815. He published Leitrrs. and i<ketrhcs of iScrmons, 3 vols., and an autobiography (1813), continued bv his wife (0th ed, by Deniorest, 1870). MURRAY, originalh MACMURRAY, .John (17t5.'j:i), The first of four great Kuglisli pub- lishers, ,Tohn MacMurray, of the stock of the Murrays of Atliol. was born in Edinliurgh, Hav- ing served as lieutenant of marine (1702-08). he relireil on half pay and began to publish and sell books in London. .Tohn MacAIurray pur- chased the bookselling business of Paul Sandby, op[iosite Saint Diuistan's Church, London, and, dro])ping the Scottish prefix, became a bookseller anil purchaser at '32 Fleet Street." lie lirought out the Hnolish Rrririr. and j)ublislieil the first two volumes of the elder Disraeli's Curiosities of Literature, etc. He died November 16, 1793,