Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/235

MUTATION THEORY. 197 MUTINY. ever, some new species, especially if stronger than the pureut form, might survive and extend tlicir area; the two aberrant types lirst observed in a tield in ISSG are still to be seen there and in greater numbers. Thus it may be said that De Vries has seen the birth of new species, a phenom- enon which all evolutionists have wislied to sec. It is of interest to observe that independently and almost simultaneously with De Vries, Kor- sehinsUy has brought together a vast mass of data under the title "Heterogenesis and Evolu- tion." From the records of gardeners and horti- culturists he has concluded that most cultivated 'varieties' of plants have arisen suddenly as sports, i.e. through heterogenesis or nuitation. liiiiLlOGRAPlll'. De Vries, Die ilutationslhe- orie. vol. i. (Leipzig, 1901) ; Korschinsky, Flora ( 11(01 ) ; White, .S'ciV/ice, vol. xiv. ( 1901 ) : 'Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club {.ugust, 1902) ; Moll, Biuloffis'cltes Ccntralblatt (1901-02); De Vries, Revue Qcnerale Botaiiiquc, vol. xiii. (1901); Science, vol. xv. (1902). MUTAZILITES ( At. il u'tazilah, from 'uzala, to seyiarate). .V iloiiammedan sect founded by W'asil ilm .ta (e.74.5) and his disciple Abu al- lludliail al-Allaf (died e..S45 ) . They had ra- tionalistic tendencies, illustrated, e.g. by tlie teaching of Abu al-Hudhail, that man knows right and wrong by reason, independent of super- natural revelation. Later teachers developed several subdivisions of the sect. See JIoiiam- jiED.w Sects. MUTE (from Lat. mutus, dumb; connected with SUt. miika, dumb). A small instrument used to modify the sound of any of the string instruments. It is made of hard wood, ivory, or brass, and is attached to the bridge by means of a slit, a leg of it being interjected between every two strings. The use of the mute both softens the tone and imparts to it a peculiar nuilllcd and tremulous quality, which is some- tinics very effective. It is much used in dra- matic music to give color in dream-like or mystic stituations. Its application is indicated by the letters c. s., or eoji sordini, and its discontinu- ance by s. s., or senza sordini. Mutes for brass instruments are wooden cones with a hole bored through them so as to allow the passage of the air. They are inserted into the bell of the instru- ment. But. as their insertion affects the pitch of the instrument, these mutes must be used with the utmost care. Recently attempts have been made to construct complicated mutes for brass instruments that shall not affect the pitch. In the case of horns and trumpets the left hand is used as a mute. Mutes are also used for drums. On snare-drums a piece of cloth or felt is in- serted on the lower side between the membrane and the snares. Kettle-drums arc covered with a chilh or the membrane is lightly touched with the left liand. On the piano the soft pedal is fre- quently called mute. MUTES. A term applied in phonetics (q.v.) to articulate sounds, also called occlusives, pro- duced by a momentary closure, followed by a reopening of some portion of the oral passage. The mutes are either voiced (sonant, breathed) if the breath-stream makes the glottal chords vibrate, or unvoiced (surd, unbreathed) if the glottal chords are at rest, as h, p: d. t: jh, eh. With respect to the point of occlusion mutes are classified as gutturals, h, kh, g, gh ; palatals, r, cli, j, jh; cerebrals (Unguals, cacuminals), /, lli, <l, dh; dentals, t. III. </, dh; and labials, l>, iih, b, bh. The essential physiological condition lor the mutes lies not in the closure, but in the reopening of the oral pas.sage, while their quality is determined by the presence or absence of breath, and by the point of the occlusion. MUTIA'NUS, CoXRADUS RuFUS (1471- 1520). A LJernian hunumist, whose name in the vernacular was Konrad Mut. He was born at llomberg; studied under Hegius at Dcventer, then at Erfurt, and for six or seven years in Italy. Thence he brought to Germany the idea of a humanistic association or academy, and by his letters from Got ha became the centre of the Mutianisehc Bund, which included Justus Jonas and Camerarius. .U hough he did not make common cause with Luther, Mutianus and his followers boldly attacked the abuses of the Church, and it seems certain that the Epistolw Obscurorum Virorum owed their authorshii) to this circle. Consult Gillert, Der Briefwechsel des CuHiadus Mutianus (Halle, 1890), MUTINY (from OF., Fr. mut in. mutinous, from mcute, sedition, from ML, mota, revolt, inuia, change, from Lat. mutare, to change), Jlutiny at military law is unlawful opposition or resistance to lawful military authority with in- tent to subvert the same or to nvillify or to neu- tralize it for the time. (Winthrop, Military Lair. p. 892.) The acts constituting mutiny are exciting, causing, or joining in any mutiny or sedition in any troop, battery, company, party, post detachment, or guard, and are punishable with death or such other punishment as a court- martial may direct. (Twenty-second Article of War,) The punishment of death or such other punishment as a court-martial may adjudge may l)e inflicted on any person in the naval service who commits any of the acts which constitute mutiny. (Revised Statutes, Sec. 1024.) In Eng- land an annual act of Parliament passes to pun- ish mutiny in the army and na^-v'. (See Mutiny Act.) Under the British articles "every one commits felony, and is liable upon conviction thereof to penal servitude for life as a maximum punishment, the maximum alternative term of imprisonment being three years, who malicious- ly and advisedly endeavors (a) to seduce any person serving in His Majesty's forces by sea or land from his duty and allegiance to His Ma- jesty; or (b)' to incite or stir up any such person to commit any act of mutiny, or to make <n- en- deavor to make any mutinous assembly, or to com- mit any traitorous or mutinous practice whatever." Wliile mutiny is. in general, a concerted ])ro- cceding, a single officer or soldier may commit the offense. It is an offense punishable with death for a soldier or officer being present at a mutinj' not to use his utmost endeavor to sup- press it, or having come to the knowledge of a nuitiny (or intended mutiny) , not to give in- formation of it to his commanding officer. (Brit- ish and American .rlicles of War.) .^cts not characterized by an intent to subvert lawful authority, while they do not come within the legal definition of mutiny, may be regarded and punished as conduct tending to mutiny, but clear of the completion or commission of the offense. The law makes a distinction between mutiny and mutinous conduct, the latter being charged, and tried bv court-martial, not under