Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/236

MUTINY. 198 MTJTTJLE. the mutiny articles, but as conduct to the preju- dice of t'OuJ order and military discipline. .lLTi.Ny AT Maritime Law is coniniilted when there is a usurpation of the aiithurily and com- mand of a ship and an overthrow of that of the master or commanding officer. Any consjiiracy to accomplish such an object, or to resist a law- ful command of the master for such purpose; any endeavor to stir up others of the crew to such resistance, is an endeavor to commit a revolt within the meaning of the statute of 1790. (1. .Stat. L., 113; Abbolfs Sational Digest, 3. Mutiny.) The offense of making a revolt or mutiny on a ship is no longer punishable as a capital offense. (Act of March 3. 183.5.) For United States law on the subject of mutiny, see Revised Statutes, Sec. 13-24, Arts. 22 and 23 ; Sec. I(i24. Arts. 4 and 8; Sees. 4956, 53.59, 5360. MUTINY ACT. An act of the British Tar- liamenl ])asse<l from year to year, investing the Crown with powers to regulate the government of the armv and na^-y, and to frame the articles of war. By the Bill of Rights, the maintenance of a standing army in time of peace, unless by consent of Parliament, was declared illegal, and from that time the number of troops to be main- tained, and the cost of the different branches of the service, have been regulated by an annual vote. But Parliament possesses a further and verv important source of control over the army. Soldiers, in time of war or rebellion, being siib- jcct to martial law, may be punished for mutiny or desertion; but the occurrence of a mutiny in a Scotch regiment soon after the Revolution of 1688, raised the question whether military dis- cipline could be maintained in time of peace; and it was decided by the courts of law. that, in the absence of any statute to enforce discipline and punish military- offenses, a soldier was only amenable to the common law of the country. The authority of the legislature thus bivame indis- pensable' to the maintenance of military disci- pline, and Parliament, since 1689. .-it the begin- nin" of every session, conferred this and other powers in an act called the Mutiny Act, limited in its duration to a year. In .July, 1879, the Mutiny Act and the Articles of War were con- solidated with a few changes into a complete military code called the Army Act, passed an- nually as before. MTJTSXTHITO, mnt'snhe'tA or mu-t'-se't6 (1S,")2 — ). The name of the i>resen"t Eniiicror of .Japan, but little used and iniknown to the vast majoritv of his subjects. The common ])eo|)Ie call him Tninhi .SV/hki, 'August Son of Heaven.' and educated folks say ffhii-jo. 'Supreme Jlaster.' He succeeded to the "throne February 3. 1867. Still a youth, he exercised little control during the earlier part of his reign, while .Ia|ian was being transforuieil into a modern nation, and opinions dilTer as to his activity in Inter years. He ac- leptcd the part of a constitutional ruler, and his inlluince on the Government became less appar- ent tlian that of the least self-assertive Euro- pean monarch. No hostile criticism has lieen directed against him and his character has Wn considered blameless. His histoi-j' is merged in the liistory nf the F.mpirc. He married the dau-rblcr of a noble on February 9. 1809. MUTTON-BIRD. See Shkarwater. MUTTON-FISH. fl) A fish of the large. wide-pr<ad group of eel-pouts, the eel-pout or mother-of-eels {Zoarccs (nujuillaiis) of the North Atlantic coasts. It feeds upon shellfish, may be caught with a hook in the bays north of Cape Cod, and reaches a weight of six to seven pounds. It spawns in late sunnner and produces a few large eggs. (2) One of the snappers (.Ycoiiienis amilis) of the West Indies. (3) One of the mojarras {Gerres olisthostomus), also called •Irish pompano.' MUT'TRA, The capital of a district in the United Provinces, Britisli India, 23 miles north- east of Bhartpur, on the right bank of the .lunma (Map: India, C 3). The city extends in crescent form for about P^i miles along the riglit bank of the river, to which access is facilitated from a paved street by numerous ghats and chatburahs, ornamented with pavilions and temples. The de- votional ablutionary exercises of the mixed crowds morning and evening constitute one of the characteristic sights of the city. Ravines inter- sect the town, and the streets are narrow, dark, and steep. The Hardinge, or Holi entrance gate, is a notable monument, and the houses of some of the wealthier native class are adorned with fine sculi)turos. There are numerous mosques and temples, of which the .hunma ilusjid. dating from 1660, is the chief. Among interesting remains are the ruins of Akbar's fort, centrally situated on the river bank, and the obsei-vatory built by the celebrated astronomer Jey Singh, who became Prince of Amber in 1603, still containing several astronomical instruments. Modern features are the museum, botanical gardens, the European churches, and the extensive military cantonments to the south of the city. As early as the fourth eenturv, Muttra is mentioned as a centre of Buddhism. As the reputed birthplace of Krishna and his brother Balarama. it is annually visited by thousands of pilgrims on the occasions of its religious festivals. The river abounds with tur- tlesT and the streets swarm with monkeys, pea- cocks, paroquets, and sacred bulls, which are permitted to roam at large, protected and fed by the peojile. ^Muttra anciently was of great im- portance, and its splendor and wealth made it an object of attack to the first Afghan invaders; Mahn'iud of (Jhazni in 1017 plundered and burned the city and carried off idols of gold, silver, and precious stones, valued at $1,500,000. In 1.500, 1636, 1669. and 1736, it again suirered ca)itiire and spoliation. Since the British occupation in 1803. it has regained some of its former im- portance. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the Sepoys here murdered their British officers and joined the insurgents at Delhi. Population, in 1891, 61.195: in 1901, 00,042. MUTUALISM (from mutual, from OF. mutu, from l.at. mutuux. reciprocal, from mulnrr. to change). That type of symbiosis (q.v.) in which eacirsvinbiont is'believed to gain by the presence of the" other. It has not been absolutely proved that a case of complete mutualism exists, though in the root tubercles (q.v.) of the LeguiiiinosiB the evidence for mutualism is very strong. MUTTULE (T.at. mutulux. mutulc. modillion). A rectangular block under the corona of the cor- nice of the Doric order. One is regularly placed over each triglyph and metope. On each mutule are worked three rows of six ituttrr or drops. They probablv represent the heads of the naila bv which the' wooden block was 'fastened in the