NEAL. 317 NEANDER. ford, l)>it left before coniplotintj the course, to study for the dissentinjj ministry in EngUind
- ind Holland. In 1 "•••'! he returned to England,
in ITDli berame pastor of an independent con- gregation in Aldersgate Street, London, and rc- )nained at its bead to the end of his life. His first work, a Ili-ilori/ of Xen^ Enijland (1720), won for him the honorary degree of master of arts from Harvard in 1721. Neal's greatest work, however, was the History of the ['uritans from the Reformation to 1GS9, originally under- taken by hiin in conjunction with Dr. John Evans. Dr. Evans died in 1730, and Neal com- pleted the work himself (1732-38). The work was, on the wliole, very favorably received by the Puritans, but Neal's studied misrepresenta- tion and suppression of facts evoked criticism. Xevertheless, the history is for the most part a sclinlarly piece of work. NEAL, David D.uioff ( 1838—) . An Ameri- can painter. He was born at Lowell, ilass., October 20.. 1838, and after studying in Xew Orleans, La., went to San Francisco, where he was emplo3'ed in making drawings on wood. In 1802 he went to Europe, and entered the schools of the Royal Bavarian Academy, JIunieh. In the following year he married the daughter of Chevalier Maximilian Ainmiiller, and began his first regular lessons in oil painting with his father-in-law, devoting himself to architectural subjects. From 1869 to 1870 he studied figure jiainting under Alexander Wagner and under Piloty. After 1879 he principally practiced por- trait painting. Among the works in his early style are the "Chapel of Nonberg, Salzburg" (iS04); "Chapel of the Kings, Westminster;" and "Saint ilark's." His first figure composi- tion. ".Limes Watt," was exhibited at the Royal Academy, London (1873). Tlie "First Meeting of Marj' Stuart and Rizzio" (1875) received the great medal from the Royal Bavarian Academy. His most noted work, "Oliver Cromwell and John Milton," is now in the Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio. His portraits owe their success to their good characterization. A fair example is that of Eev". ilark Hopkins for Williams College. NEAL, John (1793-1876). An American poet and novelist of English-Quaker descent, born in Portland, Maine. Xeal was self-educated, and studied law at Baltimore, supporting him- self by literary work with an energy' that charac- terized him throughout his long and varied life. Between 1817 and 1810 he published Keep Cool, a novel in two volumes, two volumes of verse, and a five-act tragedy, Otho. Jleantime he was admitted to the ilaryland bar. In 1823 he paid a visit to England. Here he was a pioneer of American letters, attracting and compelling attention, the first American to contribute to the great quarterlies and to Blackwood, and becoming secretary of Jeremy Bcntham. Return- ing to America in 1827, he took up the practice of law in Portland, and in 1828 began to edit the Yriiikee, contributing much to various other magazines and newsp.ipcrs. earnestly opposing capital punisbinent, and being an early advocate of woman's suffrage. He established a gymnasi- um, said to have been the first in the United States, and he was himself skilled in all the arts of exercise, and a sym]iathetic teacher and adviser of yoimg men, notable among whom was E. A. Poe. 'hile engaged energeticallv in journalism, he ])oured out a steady stream of novels, interspersed with other works. The more noteworthy of his chaotic, Byronie novels are lliindoljih ( 1823) and ho<i'in (1823): Ii,ichcl Uytr (1828) and The Diiinicasters (1833) are soberer but not memor- aldc ))roductions. The interesting autobiography, Wfindcrinij h'ccollections of a Soniiirhnt ISusi/ Life (1809), was practically the last of his voluminous writings, all of which are character- ized by haste, but not less by an ebullient genius and distinctive nationality. NEAL, Joseph Clay (1807-47). An Ameri- can humorist, born at Greenland, N. H. He settled in Philadelphia, where in 1831 he became editor of the I'ciuini/hunian, a Democratic jour- nal. In 1844 he founded the Saturday Gazette, which had a large circulation. His best-known book. Charcoal ,Sketchcs; or, ticencs in a Metropo- lis (1837; second series 1849), enjoyed a con- siderable degree of popularity, and was repub- lished in London. He wrote also Peter Ploddy and Other Oddities (1844). NEALE, nOl. Edwakd Vansittart (1810-02). An English Christian Socialist, born at Batli and educated at Oriel College, O.xford. He be- came an advocate of social reform, and joined the group of Christian Socialists under F. D, Maurice. Xeale founded the first cooperative stores in London. He assisted in forming sev- eral industrial societies, was a founder of the Cobden Mills in 1866, and of the Agricultural and Horticultural Association in 1807, and gen- eral secretary to the Central Cooperative Board from 1875 until 1891. He visited America in 1875. He was a director of the Cooperative In- surance Company and of the Cooperative News- paper Society, and a Vansittart Neale scholar- ship at Oriel College for the sons of cooperatives was founded in his honor in 1890. His writings include: The Characteristic Features of Some of the Principal Systems of Socialism (1851); The Mythical Element in Christianity (1873); and A Manual for Cooperators (1879). NEALE, John Mason (1818-66). An Eng- lish author and hj-mnologist, born in London. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1840. and took holy orders in the Church of England. While chaplain and tutor at Downing College, he warmly embraced high-church views and adhered to his principles in spite of severe criticism. He was for many years warden of Sackville College, East Grinstead, and was the founder of an Anglican sisterhood of Saint Mar- garet. His extensive writings on theological and ecclesia.stical subjects include A History of the So-called Jansenist Church in Holland (1858) and MedicEval Preachers (1857). He translated the several parts of Bernard of Cluny's Dc Con- teniplu Muiidi. "Jerusalem the Ciolden." and in 1863 published Hymns of the Eastern Church. He also published, in addition to various collec- tions of hymns: a History of the Jews (1841) ; An Introduction to the History of the Holy East- ern Church (1850); Stories for Children from Church History (1850); Theodore Phranza, or the Fall of Constantinople (1857): History of the Council of Florence (1801) ; and Essays on. Liturriiohfiy and Church History (1863). NEANDER, nS-an'der, Johann August Wii.- HEi.M (1789-1850). One of the most famous of ecclesiastical historians. He was born at Got-
