tingen, January 17, 1789, of Jewish parentage, and received his early education at the Johanneum in Hamburg. On February 15, 1806, he publicly renounced Judaism, and was baptized in Saint Catharine's Church, Hamburg, changing his name from David Mendel to Neander (from Greek νεός, neos, new + ἀνήρ, anēr, man, in allusion to the religious change which he had experienced) and taking his Christian names from several of his friends. He now proceeded to Halle, where he studied theology under Schleiermacher, and concluded his academic course at his native town of Göttingen. In 1811 he took up his residence at Heidelberg University as a privat-docent; in 1812 he was appointed extraordinary professor of theology; and in the following year was called to the newly established University of Berlin as professor of Church history. Here he labored till his death, July 14, 1850. Neander enjoyed great celebrity as a lecturer. Students flocked to him, not only from all parts of Germany, but from the most distant Protestant countries. His works, in the order of time, are: Ueber den Kaiser Julianus und sein Zeitalter (1812); Der heilige Bernhard, und sein Zeitalter (1813); Genetische Entwicklung der vornehmsten gnostischen Systeme (1818); Der heilige Johannes Chrysostomus und die Kirche, besonders des Orients, in dessen Zeitalter (1821-22); Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Geschichte des Christenthums und des christlichen Lebens (1822-24); Antignosticus, Geist des Tertullianus und Einleitung in dessen Schriften (1826); Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche (1825-52); Kleine Gelegenheitsschriften (1824); Geschichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen Kirche durch die Apostel (1832-33); Das Leben Jesu Christi in seinem geschichtlichen Zusammenhange written as a reply to Strauss's work (1837); Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, published by Jacobi (1851); Geschichte der christlichen Dogmen, also published by Jacobi (1856); and several other posthumous works. The majority of these works have been translated into English, viz., General History of the Christian Religion and Church (trans. by Torrey, 12th ed. 1882); History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles (trans. by Ryland, 1842); Memorials of Christian Life in the Early and Middle Ages (trans. by Ryland, 1832); Life and Times of Saint Bernard (trans. by Miss Matilde Wrench, 1843); Life of Chrysostom (trans. by Stapleton, 1845); Life of Jesus Christ (trans. by McClintock and Blumenthal, 1848); Lectures on the History of Christian Dogmas (trans. by Ryland, 1858); The Emperor Julian (trans. by Cox, 1850); and his commentaries on Philippians, James, and First John. Consult his Life by Philip Schaff (New York, 1886); by Wiegand, with bibliography (Erfurt, 1890); and by Schneider (Schleswig, 1894).
NEANDERTHAL (nā̇-än′der-täl) MAN. The name applied to a dolichocephalic early Quaternary type in Western Europe, based on the upper portion of a human skull found 60 feet beneath the surface by quarrymen in a ravine called Neanderthal, near the village of Hochdal, between Düsseldorf and Elberfeld, in Rhenish Prussia. Anthropologists have varied greatly in their judgment of this relic. The preponderance of opinion is toward the view that the Neanderthal skull represents the oldest known dolichocephalic folk of Europe. Crania of the Neanderthal type were subsequently found at Brux (Bohemia), Podbaba (near Prague, Bohemia), Eguisheim (near Kolmar, Alsace), Denise (near Le Puy, Haute-Loire), Marcilly (Eure, France), Bréchamps (Eure-et-Loir), Tilbury (England, near London), Bury-Saint-Edmunds (Suffolk, England), and Victoria Cave Galley Hill, Hamilton (England). This type, in addition to its low cranial index (70-75.3), was characterized by a low forehead, prominent brow ridges, and low stature (about 1.59 meters, or 62.5 inches).
NEAP′OLIS (Lat., from Gk. Νεάπολις, ‘new town’). An ancient town, the seaport of Philippi in Macedonia. The modern town of Kavalla (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 4), with about 5000 inhabitants, is on or near its site. Paul landed here when he sailed from Troas to begin his missionary labors in Europe (Acts xvi. 9-11). The town lay on a bay, which afforded excellent anchorage, nearly opposite the island of Thasos, and was distant about nine miles from Philippi.
NEAP′OLIS. The ancient name of Naples (q.v.).
NEAP-TIDES. See Tides.
NEARCHUS, nē̇-är′kŭs ( Lat., from Gk. Νέαρχος, Nearchos) . The commander of the fleet of Alexander the Great in his Indian expedition (B.C. 327-326). He was the son of Androtimus, and was born in Crete, but settled in Amphipolis in Macedonia, near the Thracian boundary. He was high in favor with Philip, but was banished on account of his adherence to Alexander. When, however, Alexander succeeded to the throne of Macedon, Nearchus was recalled, and when the conquest of the Persian Empire was begun, he was appointed Governor of Lycia and other districts in the south of Asia Minor. In B.C. 329 he accompanied Alexander to Bactria, with a body of Greek mercenaries. When his patron ordered a fleet to be built on the Hydaspes, Nearchus received the command of it. He sailed down the Indus, and then to the Persian Gulf, and arrived at Susa, in Persia, February 24, 324, shortly after Alexander himself, who had marched overland. After the death of Alexander Nearchus accepted the decision of the other generals with regard to the position of the kingdom, and retained his own provinces under Antigonus, whom he accompanied against Eumenes. In 314 Antigonus appointed him a councilor of his son, Demetrius. Fragments of his narrative of his voyage have been preserved in the Indica of Arrian. Consult McCrindle, Invasion of India by Alexander the Great (Westminster, 1896).
NEARCTIC REGION (from Gk. νέος, neos, new + ἀρκτικός, arktikos, arctic, northern). A region in zoögeography including the entire continent of North America, except the hot coast-lands of Mexico. It is a part of Arctogæa, or the Holarctic Region, in the view of those who regard the Northern Hemisphere as a unit in zoögeography; but in the scheme of Sclater and Wallace it is one of the six primary regions, coördinate with the Palearctic Province. (See Distribution of Animals, Zoögeographical Map.) Of further interest here are the subdivisions or local faunal areas that have been distinguished.
