NEUMANN. 410 NEUMEISTEB. NETTMANN, Johax.n Ualtuasak ( 1C87- 1753). A German aicliitect, born at Eger, 13o- hemin. In 1711 lie entoreil the artillery service at Wiirzbiirg, and tlirough the patronage of Prince-bishop .loliann I'liilipp von Sehiinborn, was enabled to travel in Italy, France, and the Neth- erlands, as a result of which he developed into one of the foremost architects of the Kococo style of his time. He built the magnificent epis- copal palace at Wiirzliurg (1720-4-2), whose im- imsing staircase is its most notable feature. Even more original, though on a smaller scale, is the palace at Bruclisal.' Regarding other structures by him, consult Keller, liallhasar yeumami ('Wiirzburg. 18ilG). NEUMANN, Kakl Friedrich (1793-1870). A German Orientalist, born at Reichmannsdorf, Bavaria. lie was educated at the universities of Heidelberg, M iich, and (Jiittingen, in 1821-25 was an instructor in the gymnasium at fSpeyer: and later, at the Mechitarist cloister and academy on the island of San Lazzaro, Venice, made a" study of the Armenian language and lit- erature, some results of which appeared in his dcschichtc der ormcnisrheii Littcratnr (1830). He also made several translations into English of Armenian chronicles for the Oriental Translation Fund of London. During a visit to Chin.a he acquired an extensive knowledge of the Chinese tongue and a library of 12.000 printed books, which he presented to the Bavarian (iovcrnmont. In 1833 he was appointed at Munich professor of the Armenian and Chinese languages, but in 1852 was retired because of liis expression of lilioral political views. He further wrote a (7c- schichtc fics oiplischen Reichs in Asien (18.57), and a Oeiichiciilc der Vereinigten Staaten von Amcrika (1863-00). NEUMANN, Karl Gottfried (1832—). A (ierman innthematician, son of Franz Ernst Neu- mann, the physicist. He was born and educated in Ki'inigsberg. was professor at Halle. Basel, and Tiibingen. and in 1808 became profes- sor at Leipzig, founding in the same ye.ir the Mdlhi'mntischc .inwilrn. He devoted himself niainlv to the theory of functions, and to mathe- matical physics, and may be considered the founder of the theory of logarithmic potential. Neumann edited various papers written by his father and published: Thmric der lirsxelschcn I'linktionen ( 1S07) : Vcher die clelctrinchen Kriifle (1873 and 1808) ; Vorlesiinfien iiber die mecha- visehe Tlieorie der Wiirme (1875); Uiiter- miehungen iiher da.i lofinritliniixebe iind yeir- loiiiclw Potenlifil (1877) : Ihidrodiniaminrhe Vn- trrsurlnnigen (1883): Vnrirmiiifien iiber Rie- mnnnn Tlieorie der Ahrlsrhrn Inlegrale (1884); and Mlfiemeitie I'lilersurlniiirien iiher dnx y'eir- totisriir {'riiiriji ilrr I'l rinii rl.iiinjen (ISOfi). NEUMANN-SPALLART, spal'liirt. Franz Xaver von (1837-88). .
Austrian political
economist, born and educated in Vienna. He was professor of economics there in the Commercial Ai'ademv (1804-08), at the Military .Xcailcmy (1808-71). and at the university and the AL'ricul- tural College. With Bodio he was one of those most influential in forming the International Sta- ti«tical In-titiitc; ami he was long connected with the Austrian Central Commission on Sta- tistics, .^s an economist he was a zealous worker in the interest of free trade in Austria, and founded the Association for Economic Progress. Neumann published: Ocsterreichs IlandeUpolitik (1864); VulLsuirtschaitt-'lehre mil besoiidcrcr Aiiirendung atif Heernesen und MiUl-iiriennillting (1873) ; and the valuable year-book Vebcrsichtin in der ]'elticirtschaft (1878-89), continued by .Juraschek. NEUMAEK, noi'miirk, Geohg (1021-81). A tiernian poet. He was born at Langeiisalza and studied at Kiinigsberg. At Kiel, where he was engaged as a tutor, he wrote his famous song ••Wer nur den lichen Gott llisst waltcn." Ncu- mark was a member of the jioetical guild called the I'nlmenorden, and he wrote its history. Der tieusiirossenden deulscheti J'almbaiim (1668). Consult Knauth, Ocorg yeinncirl: nueh Leben und Diehten (Langensiilza, 1881). NEUMAYEB, noi'ml-er. Georg (1826—), A GernKin iiictcorologist and hydrographer. He was born at Kirchheimbolanilen. Bavaria, was educated at the Polytechnic and the I'niversity of Munich, and in 1857 was sent by Maximilian II. to Australia to make magnetic observations. At Melbourne Neumayer foundeil FlagstalT Observa- tory. He returned to (ierniany in 1S04, interested hiiiiself in the formation of expediticms to the Nortli and South Pole-i. and in founding the Ger- man African Company. and. after a long connection with the hydrographic bureau at Berlin, in 1870 became director of tlieGcrnian ilarinc Observatory at Hamburg. He was jirominent in behalf of the international polar expedition planned in 1882. and in arranging for the German . larctic expe- dition of 1001. Neumayer wrote: Results of the Ohseniitions <it the Flagstaff Observatory (1858- 03) and Results of the Magnet ie Survey of Vie- toria.i 1809) : Beobaehtungsergebnissc der deutsch- en Stationen im t<iis.teme drr internatinnalen Po- larforschung (with BOrgen. 1880) : Die deutsche Expedition vnd ihre Krgebnisse (1890-91) ; Atlas desErdmagnctismusi 1891 ) ; Anemometer-Studien (189T>; :iMrl Anf :um Siidpol! (1901). NEUMAYR, noi'nilr. Melciiior (184.5-90). An Austrian geologist. He was born in Munich, studied there and at Heidelberg, where, after four years in the Imperial Geological Institute at Vienna, he became docent in 1872. He soon re- turned to Vienna and became full professor of geology and jialeontology in 18S0. Ncumayr traveled widely in Southern Europe, making an es])ceial study of the life and coiiniination of the .Jurassic formations, the results of which ap- peared in the German geological magazines. He coiiperated on fleologisehe Studicn in den K listen- Uindern des grieehischen Arehi/iels (1880) ; and wrote Die Sliimme des Tierreiehs. VTirbellose Tierc (1890). and a general work on geolog>- en- titled Erdgesehirhte (1885-87; 2d ed. 1895). The last-niimed work, while written in a popu- lar style, may be coniniendeil for its comprehen- siveness and scientific accuracy. NEUMEISTER, noi'mls-ter, Erdmann (1671- 1756). A German hymn-writer, born at T'echte- ritz, near Weissenfcls. and educated at the I'ni- versity of Leipzig. He is chiefly remembered for his liynins, some of which ari' of great merit and are still in use, such as ••.Tesiis nimnit die Siind- er an." "Will ieh sagen." and "Lass irilische Ge- schiifte stehn." which have been translated into English. He also pnblisheil a Spi'eimen Dissrr- iationis llistorien-eritietr de Pnetis Oermnnicis (1095). His poetical works include Fartgesetzte
