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NEW TESTAMENT CHRONOLOGY. 487 NEWTON. Zeitaller Jcsu Christi (Leipzig. 1880-00; Eng. trans., New York, 18'J1); Hariiack, Chrunoluyie der altchristlichen Liltcralur (Leipzig, 1897); Kamsay, Haint Paul the Traveler and the lio- man Cilizen (New York, 1890) ; id., Was Christ Horn in Bellileheni f (London, 1898). NEW THEOLOGY, The, or Xew Divixity. A term often applied in the last quarter of the last century to a movement represented by And- Cver Theological Seminary, and embodied in a small volume by its professors, called Progressive Orthodoxii, published in 1880. It became clear finally that ihe movement was larger and deeper than this, and the term is now generally applied to those forms of theological elTort which attempt to incorporate fully in theology the approved re- sults of modern thinking, especially such as are derived from the general theory of evolution. The new theology cannot be said to be a con- sistent system of thought, nor uniform among its various advocates and promotors. There are left and right wings. But with various differences of emphasis and of the completeness with which the separate results of the new methods are adopted, the new theology may be said to agree in the following points : the acceptance of evolution as the method of divine providence in the spiritual sphere as well as in the material ; the employ- ment of the methods of the liigher criticism in the discussion of the origin and auth(u-ity of both Testaments ; the rejection of verbal inspira- tion and the substitution for it of greater, or sometimes exclusive, emphasis upon revelation (see Inspiration) ; a subjective view of the atonement ; increased emphasis upon ethics in distinction from dogmatics, and upon sociological study and work; restatement of positions in eschatology, with a strong tendency to univer- salism. The tendency of the school is to mini- mize the supernatural (miraculous), and in the left wing to exclude it. Every important de- nomination of Christians has some share in this movement. NEWTON, mVton. A city and the county- seat of ,Tas])er C'oimty, III.. 50 miles southwest of Terre Haute. Ind. ; on the Embarras River, and on the Indiana and Illinois Southern and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville railroads (Map: Illinois, D 5). The surrounding region is well adapted to farming and fruit-growing, and there are also coal deposits. The city manufactures flour, woolen goods, lumber products, brick, and tile. Population, in 1890, 1428; in 1900, 1030. NEWTON. A city and the county-seat of Jasper County, Iowa, 30 miles east by north of Des Moines; on the Iowa Central and the Chi- cago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Iowa, D 3). It is the seat of Newton Normal College, and has a Carnegie library ($10,000), and a fine post-office building. The city is sur- rounded by a district engaged in farming and stock-raising, and manufactures agricultural ma- chines, foundry and machine-shop products, brick and tile, tlour, etc. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890. 2504; in 1900. 3082. NEWTON. A city and the county-seat of Harvey County. Kan.. 201 miles southwest of Kansas City; on the Missouri Pacific and the Atchison. Topeka and Santa Fe railroads (Map: Kansas, E 3). It has a public library with over 5000 volumes, and Bethel College (Mennonite). The city is a division point on the Santa Fe Railroad, and, as the centre of a tine farming and stock-raising section, has considerable trade. There are some manufactures, principally flour and grain drills. Newton was settled and in- corjioratcd about 1871. It is governed by a mayor, elected biennially, and a council. The watcr-uorks are owned and operated by the nuinicipality. Population, in 1890, 5005; in 1900, 0208. NEWTON. A city in Middlesex County, Mass., adjoining Boston; on the Charles River and on the Boston and Albany Railroad (Mn|i: Massachusetts, E 3). Within the municipal limits are 15 villages, the city occupying an area of about 18 square miles. Newton has a site of great beauty, several hills contributing to its pic- turesqueness, and it is one of Boston's handsome suburbs. There are 160 acres of city park.s, be- sides the Metropolitan Park reservation (118 acres), and the Metropolitan parkways, which extend along the Charles River. The city m:iin- tains a public library (01,400 volumes), and is the seat of the Newton Theological Instituli'm (Baptist), opened in 1825, the Lasell Seminary for women, opened in 1851, and the Allen School for boys, opened in 1853. Among the more promi- nent buildings are the First Baptist Church and Eliot Church, and the high school and several grammar schools. The Eliot Memorial in honor of the 'Apostle to the Indians' stands near the site of Waban's Wigvam, where John Eliot be- gan on October 28, lti40, to preach to the In- dians, in the town called 'Nonantum.' A large cemetery is in the heart of the city. Though Newton is primarily a residential city, it is en- gaged to a considerable extent in manufacturing. Its industrial establishments include machine shops, fire-alarm supply works, silk mills, wors- ted mills, rubber works, manufactories of paper boxes, curtains, railway signals, cordage, shoes, etc. The manufacturing interests are promote<l by the water power of Charles River. Under :i charter, last revised in 1899 and 1902. the gov- ernment is vested in a mayor, hereafter to be elected for two years, and a board of aldermen, in which each ward is represented by three mem- bers — one alderman elected annually by the ward, and two aldermen-at-large elected from the ward on a general ticket, one being chosen each year to serve two years. Some of the ad- ministrative officials arc elected by the board of aldermen, and some are subject to confirmation by that liody upon nomination of the mayor. The school committee is chosen by popular vote for terms of three years. Newton spends an- nually in maintenance and operation more than $1,000,000. the princi|)al items being: for inter- est on debt, $205,000: for sinking funds. $119,- 500; for schools, $200,000: for drains, parks, sewers, and streets, $170,000: for the police de- partment, $70,000: for municipal lighting, .$53,- 500; for the fire department and wires, $58,000; for the charity department. $25,000; for the health department. $21,000. Newton is one of the wealthiest cities per capita in the United States; the assessed valuation of property, real and per- sonal, in 1902 was about $02,000,000, and the net debt January 1. 1903, $4,331,283.94. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 24,379; in