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NEWTON. 488 NEWTON. 1900, 33,587. Settkil in 1031 and originally a part of Cambridge (Newtowne), Xcwton was iiR-orporated as a separate town in lti8S, being ealled New Cambridge until 10n2. It was char- tered as a city in 1873. Consult Smith, History of Xeuloii, MussacJiusells (lioston, 1880). NEWTON. A town and the county-seat of Sussex County, N. J., 00 miles west by north of New York City; on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (Jlap: New Jersey, CI). It is known as a sunnuer resort ; has the Newton Collegiate Institute and the Dennis Library (subscription), with over 8000 volumes. The surrounding country is largely agricultural, tlioigh there is considerable mineral wealth, and the city manufactures shoes, silks, ])aper boxes, and roofing slate. Tlie water-works are owned by the municipality. Pojjulation, in 1890, 3003; in 1900. 4.37t). NEWTON, AUKKi) (IS:i9— ). An English ornithologist and zoiilogist. He was born at Ge- neva, Switzerland, of British parents, and gradu- ated at Magdalene College. Cand)riilge, in 18.53. As a (raveling fellow of the college he visited Lap- land, Iceland, the West Indies. North America, Spitzbergen. and other countries between the years 1854-04. and by bringing the subject to the notice of the British Association he was instru- mental in getting passed the acts of Parliament for the protection of birds. He was made vice- president of the Royal and the Zoological So- cieties, president of the Cambridge Philosophical Societ}', and received gold medals from the Lin- nean and the Royal Society. His publications in- clude: 'I'hc Zoiiloqii of Ancient Europe (1802) ; Zoolotifi (1874; 2d ed. 1894); The liinls of (Ireenland (1875); and .1 Dictionary of liirds (1893-90). He edited The Ihis for five years (18(io-70). and contributed the article on Or- nithologyto the ninth edition of the Encyelnp<cdia liritdnnica. NEWTON, Cii.XRLES TiioMA.s (1810-94). An English arelLTologist. He was educated at Christ Church. Oxford. In 1840 he became assistant keeper of the department of antiquities in the British Museum, and in 18.52 obtained the ap- pointment of vice-consul at Mytilene. whence he was transferred in 1853 to Rhodes. His position was avowedly in the interest of the British Mu- seum, anil his time largely devoted to archae- ological travels and excavation. In 1850 he be- L'an his great work at Budruti, the ancient Hali- carnassus. where he discovered the site of the famous ilausoleum, and recovered many remains of the ancient sculptures. He next worked at Branchid;e an<l Cnidus. securing valuable results. He was rewarded by an appointment to the con- sulship at Rome in 1800. and in 1801 was made keeper of Greek and Roman antiqtiities in the British Museum, a position which he held until failing health led 1o his resignation in 1885. From 1880 to 1888 he was Yates professor of classical archa'ologv- at the I'niversity College, London. In 18(!1 he married . n Mary, daugh- ter of the artist .Joseph Severn, and herself an artist of high reputation. .She died in 1809. Newton's great service lay in widening the nar- row circle of classical studies in England, by drawing attention to the importance of art and nrchtrology in any estimate of fJreek life. For the museum his long term proved of great im- portance, as he was able to secure large grants and acquire five valuable collections of antiqui- ties. He received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford in 1875, LL.D. from Cambridge, and Ph.D. from Strassbiirg in 1879. He published many short papers and discussions, some of which were collected in his Essays on Art and Archaolotjy (London, 1880), ineliuling the best popular accoiuit of Greek inscriptions. Other important works were: History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidiis, and ]iranchidw (Lon- don, 18(52-03) and Travels and Discoveries in the Levant (ib., 1805). NEWTON,. Gilbert Stuabt (I794-I835). An Engli.sh portrait and genre painter. He was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, September 20, 1794, the son of Edward Newton, British collector of customs. Newton's ])arents had quitted Boston after the evacuation by British troops in 1776, but his mother returned to that city upim the death of his father in 1803. He studied ))ainting with his uncle, Gilbert Stuart. In 1817 he trav- eled in Italy, and studied at Florence, later visit- ing Paris, where he was influenced by Watteau. He entered the schools of the Royal Academy, and in 1832 was made Academician. Among his chief works are: "The Deserted" (1821), Metro- politan Museum. New York: '•The Lovers' Quar- rel" (1826).; "The Dull Lecture" (1825), Lenox Library, New York; "Don (Juixote in His Study (1828); "The Lute-Player," New York Histori- cal Society; "Yorick and the Grisette" (18.30) and "The Widow, or the Dutch Girl" (1829), National Gallery, London; "Portia and Bas- sanio" (I83I), South Kensington Jluseum : and his last picture, ".belard." exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1833. .mong his portraits are those of Thomas Moore.. Sir Walter Scott, and Washington Irving. Newton's pictures, al- though deficient in drawin.c. are good in coloring, refined and indivi<lual in conception. Suffering fnuu mental derangement, in 1833 he was re- moved to an asylum at Chelsea, where he died of consumption. August 5, 1835. NEWTON, HiiiERT Axsox (18.30-00). An .merican astronomer and mathematician, best known for his researches on meteors. He was born at .'shcrburne. N. Y., and graduated at Yale in 1850. In 1855 he was appointed professor of mathematics at Yale. His chief labor, the study of the laws of meteoroids and of comets and their interrelation, began with the attempt to con- tribtite to the theory advaiu'ed-bv Professor Olm- sted of Yale in 1833. that meteors were a part of a mass of bodies moving round the sun in a fixed orbit. Newton calculated five [)ossible orbits ami showed the mode of deciding between them, by a computation of the secular motion of the node. He supervised the work of the Connecti- cut .eadeniy of Arts and Sciences in 18(;i in regard to the Atigust anil November nieteors: prepared a map of the heavens for its use: and identified comets with meteors and shooting stars. This led to his valuable statistical study of comets. On these subjects he became a world- wide authority, winning from the National Acad- emy of Sciences the Smith gold medal for his re- searches on meteors. Many of these were pub- lished in the Memoirs of the Xntion^il Academy, the Journal of Science, and the American Jour- nal of Science. NEWTON, Sir Lsaac (1042-1727). A famous English mathematician and natural philosopher,