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MOSCOW. 47 MOSCOW. execution. Facing the lied Square is the Cathe- ilral of Vasili the J>eati(led. which for mixture of styles, colors, and architectural lines has few rivals in the civilized world. It was built bj' an Italian architect at the command of Ivan the Terrililc in 1").")4 to commemorate the conquest of Kazan, and consists of a number of sei)arate liuihliugs under separate cupolas, dill'erinj,' from eacli other in form, dimension, and glaring color- ings. The interior does not ditlVr essentially from that of the other great churches of Moscow, being dark, close, and covered with paintings, gold, and gems in great profusion. Contrasting favorably with the Cathedral of Vasili the Beati- fied is the modern Church of the Saviour, conse- crated in 1S81 in commemoration of the destruc- tion of Napoleon's (Irand Army in 1812. It is Lombardo-liyzantine in style, cruciform, and well proportioned, biiilt of white marble and surmounted with five cupolas. The paintings and the marble reliefs of the interior have been executed by the best artists of Russia. In the centre of the Red Square stands the monument to Minin and Pozharski, who liberated JIoscow from the Poles in 1012. The Greek Mon- astery of Saint Nicholas in the Kitai Gorod de- serves mention for its influence on education in Russia. It was under the auspices of the monks of Saint Nicholas that the first academy for clas- sical education was established in the seventeenth century. It numbered, among its pupils, Lomo- nosoff and many others prominent in the literary and the political life of the country. The Kltai Ciorod possesses a number of old residences of the boyars (q.v. ), of which the most interesting is the family house of the Romanoffs, faithfully re- stored in 1S.59. The Gostinoy Dvor, the centre of the retail trade of jNIoseow, is also very inter- esting architecturally. Other noteworthy secular buildings and monuments are the Petrovski Palace, occupied by Xapoleon during his stay at Moscow, the town hall (duma), the Sukha- reff Tower (1092-95) with the reservoir, the triumphal aiVh, etc. Moscow has extensive markets, of which probably the most interesting is the Tolkutchy, where old clothes are sold to the poorer classes. In the most northern quarter of the Zemlyanoi Gorod are still found many stately although somewhat decayed man- sions of the old nobility, while Zamoskvoryet- chye, on the opposite side of the river, is the stronghold of the wealthy merchant class. Economically, itoscow is exceedingly impor- tant, both with regard to industries and com- merce. The manufacturing industries date from the time when the city was the residence of the Court and attracted skilled artisans from all over Russia as well as from foreign countries. At present Moscow is the second largest manu- facturing city of the Empire and the centre of the textile industries, furnishing a considerable por- tion of the cotton goods for the Asiatic trade. According to the industrial census of 189.5 there were more than SOO large manufacturing estab- lishments, employing over 05.000 persons and yielding an output of over .$07,000,000, of which textiles represented over one-third. Next to textiles are foodstuffs, metal products, paper, leather and wood products, and maehinery. As early as the fourteenth century Jloseow was an inq)ortant commercial centre. Its trade grew up with the political power of the Principal- ity of Moscow, and received a great stimulus from the settlement of the Novgorod merchants. The advantageous position of the city at the con- verging of six railway lines, which connect it with every part of European Russia as well as with Siberia, has played an important part in its recent commercial development. Manufactures, agricultural products from the southern and the central provinces of Russia, minerals from the coast, and tea from Asia, all find their way to ^Moscow and go partly to sui)])ly the local demand and partly to supply the trade with the interior or with foreign countries. The rise of Saint Petersburg had at first a detrimental effect on the foreign trade of Moscow. l>ut the de- velopment of the Asiatic trade, of which Moscow is the natural centre, has mor<' than compensated for the loss in any other direction. The trade liy water is important. The chief imports of iloscow are tea. iron "and steel products, raw silk, indigo, cotton yarn. etc. Moscow is administered by a Governor-CJeneral, who is also at the head of the military district of Moscow. The municipal council of 100 mem- bers is elected by owners of real estate and merchants of the first class, and has an executive committee of si.x members. Both the municipal council and the executive committee are presided over by the mayor or 'golova,' who. unlike the mayors of all other Russian toms except Saint Petersburg, is appointed by the Government from two candidates suggested by the council. The budget of the city for 1901 balanced at $7,000,000. The chief items of reveniie are real estate and internal taxes, subvention from the Imperial Ciovernment, the zenistvo. and returns from municipal property and enterprises. Nearly one-fourth of the revenue is spent on sanitation, about 12 per cent, on municipal improvements, and less than 8 per cent, on eckication. The municipality owns the waterworks, slaughter- houses, and baths, and a number of lodging- houses. In regard to facilities for local trans- portation Moscow is far behind most European cities of its size and importance. Moscow has many prominent educational establishments. Be- sides the university (see Moscow, L'nivebsitt of) there are a the(dogieal seminary, a technical scliool, an agricultural institute, an institute for the study of Oriental langiuigcs. schools of art, painting, and architecture, a school of engineer- ing, two seminaries for teachers, a number of dramatic schools, a, commerciaf institute, 21 gjmnasia, 5 Realschulen, a school of church music, and numerous other special schools. Li- braries are numerous. The most important mu- seums and collections are the Rumyantzeff Museum, consisting of a fine library and col- lections of paintings, sculjitures, ethnography, etc.: the historical museum, and the Tretyakoff Gallery of modern paintings, now belonging to the city. A number of prominent scientific organiza- tions have their home at Moscow, including the society of naturalists and the society of Russian history and anti(|uities. The numerous archives of Moscow are also noteworthy. The benevolent institutions are among the largest in Russia, especially the foundling asylum. The theatres of Moscow, especially the 'small theatre,' have played a prominent part in the development of the Russian drama. The periodical publications of iloscow are numerous, and the book trade of the city, especially popular publications, is veij extensive.